Answer: Crisp

Answer: Waitress
Answer: wellness
Answer: tropical
Answer: withdraw
Answer: transfer
Answer: tracking
Answer: workshop
Answer: tomatoes
Answer: teardrop
Collection, Analysis and
Interpretation in Research data
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
APPROACH – DATA COLLECTION
 Data collection relies heavily on random
sampling and structured data collection
methods
 Each strategy of inquiry–true
experiment, quasi-experiment or non-
experiment employs several unique ways
of data collection tools
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH – DATA COLLECTION

Qualitative Research
Approach – Data Collection
 the methods of data collection all the
strategies of qualitative inquiry–ethnography,
phenomenological, grounded theory, narrative
and case studies-are similar.
 multiple methods of data
collection or collection of data from
multiple sources is practiced. This is
called triangulation
 Types of triangulation may include method
triangulation, source triangulation, analysis
triangulation and even theory triangulation (Denzin,
1978; Patton, 999).

 All forms of data gathering done in

a research study form what is known
as a bricolage
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data Analysis and Interpretation

 Data analysis is, therefore, a process that
involves examining, and molding collected data for
interpretation to discover relevant information,
draw or propose conclusions and support decision-
making to solve a research problem. 
 •relationships between variables are explored
•meanings are identified and information is interpreted.

Data analysis also serves as a

reference for future data collection
and other research activities
 During data analysis (Bala,
2005
 Data collected ids transformed
into information and knowledge
about a research
Data collected is transformed into information
and knowledge about a research performed
Relationship between variables are explored
Meanings are identified and information is
interpreted
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH – DATA ANALYSIS 

Quantitative Research Approach- Data

Analysis
 The four levels of measurements include (Yamashita & Espinosa, 2015):

The four levels of measurements

include ( Yamashita and Espinosa
2015)
Nominal Data
Ordinal data
Interval data
Ratio data
There are several procedures that can be used to analyze data. Main ones include (Yamashita & Espinosa, 2015):

Main procedures that can be used

to analyze data

Data tabulation
Data descriptives
Data disaggregation
Moderate and advanced analytical methods
Qualitative Research Approach – Data
Analysis
 2.“Drawing of conclusion and verification”

Display of data which include organizing data in

forms of graphics, maps, tables, etc., to draw
conclusions
“Drawing of conclusion and verification ”
 3.Reduction of data to meaningful information
preliminary and some of
4.“Identification general steps patterns
meaningful in data analysis are common
and themes” via to all. These include (Yamashita & Espinosa, 2015):

Preliminary and some general Steps in

data Analysis

Immediate processing and recording of data

Commencement of data analysis soon after collection
Reduction of data to meaningful information
Identification of meaningful themes via
 Content analysis achieved by:
 Coding the data for certain words or content
Identifying their patterns
Interpreting their meanings
Thematic Analysis achieved by grouping data into
themes that answers research problem
Some unique analysis procedures are
briefly outlined under each strategy of
qualitative research.
Ethnography Research
Ethnography theory research approach focuses
analysis on processes, patterns and trends that
occur in individuals or across various groups
regarding their cultural behavior but keeping in
view the purpose of a research  While achieving
the steps a research analysis adopts an iterative
process in which cultural ideas that arise during
active involvement during the research study are
used to write a document while bearing in mind
the context, norms, frequency and other
factors (Krueger, 1994).
 
Phenomenological Research
Phenomenological theory research approach involves
the process which allows the analysis method to
follow the nature of data itself. his is called emergent
strategy (Walters, 2015). 
Some emergent strategies may include:
Narratives or interviews from artistic depictions,
photovoice, etc., while paying attention to aspects such as:
Objects involved
Activities and their results
Time
Descriptive elements
Physical surroundings,
Characters or their aspects such as relationships
Social interactions
Results of activities  
Grounded Theory Research
Grounded theory research approach involves the
process of moving in and out of data collection and
analysis processes, a process called constant
comparative analysis or ‘iteration’. After this
process, a researcher begins to develop a theory
regarding the questions and data collected (Strauss
& Corbin, 1994). 
LEVEL 1 DATA CODING (OPEN CODING/
MEMOING/CATEGORY DEVELOPMENT)Involves
memoing– taking notes – giving names. A research may:
LEVEL 2 DATA CODING (AXIAL
CODING/COLLAPSING/CATEGORIZING/RENA
MING)Involves renaming and forming categories
Ask semi-structured questions
LEVEL 3 DATA CODING (SELECTIVE
CODING/THEME & THEORY CONSTRUCTION)
Involves formation of themes and theories
Results in formation of grounded theory
Narrative
Research
Narrative theory research analysis approach involves
shaping, transforming, and uncovering an experience
(usually human experience) in a story format–
understood through a stirring linguistic depiction.
CaseStudyResearch
Narrative theory research analysis approach involves
in-depth examination of a case under study. The
principle data analysis method for case studies is
referred to as OTTR, which stands for “observe,”
“think,” “test,” and “revise.”’ Texas State Auditor's
Office, Methodology Manual, rev. 5/95 (2015). 
 DATA INTERPRETATION 

Data Interpretation
Interpretation involves attaching meaning and
significance to the analysis, explaining
descriptive patterns, and looking for
relationships and linkages among descriptive
dimensions. Once these processes have been
completed the researcher must report his or her
interpretations and conclusions” (Krueger,
1994).