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Kuliah (2) - Earth Materials
Kuliah (2) - Earth Materials
Mineral Ekonomi
(2 SKS)
EARTH MATERIALS
Minerals and Rocks
electron cloud
atomic nucleus
The Carbon Atom
electron cloud
atomic nucleus
carbon has 6
electrons…
The Carbon Atom
electron cloud
atomic nucleus
carbon has 6
electrons…
electron (–)
proton (+)
neutron
The Carbon Atom
electron cloud
atomic nucleus
carbon has 6
electrons…
…and a nucleus
of 6 protons …
electron (–)
proton (+)
neutron
The Carbon Atom
electron cloud
atomic nucleus
Carbon has 6
electrons…
…and a nucleus
of 6 protons …
…and 6 neutrons
having no charge.
electron (–)
proton (+)
neutron
2. The Structure of Matter
Crystallization –
covalent bonds
ionic bonds
metallic bonds
3. The Structure of Minerals
3. The Structure of Minerals
Oxygen ions
(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Oxygen ions
(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Quartz is
Silicate ion (SiO 4
4–
) a silicate
The silicate polymorph.
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Oxygen ions
(O2–) Silicon ion
(Si4+)
2 planes at 90°
Single chains
2 planes at 90°
Single chains
2 planes at 60°
and 120° Double chains
2 planes at 90°
Single chains
2 planes at 60°
and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Muscovite:
Micas KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:
K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Cleavage planes
and number of Silicate
Mineral Chemical formula cleavage directions structure Specimen
1 plane Isolated
tetrahedra
Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Single chains
2 planes at 60°
and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Muscovite:
Micas KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:
K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Mineral identification
Industrial application of
minerals
5. Physical Properties of Minerals
Mica and its
cleavage
5. Physical Properties of Minerals
Pyrite and
its crystal
habit
5. Physical Properties of Minerals
Calcite and its
cleavage
5. Physical Properties of Minerals
5. Physical Properties of Minerals
Hematite and
its streak
Thought questions for this chapter
texture
composition
6. What Are Rocks?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
6. What Are Rocks?
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Thought questions for this chapter
Groundwater
Magma
Plutonic
intrusion
Groundwater dissolves metal oxides
and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it
rises, precipitating metal ores in joints.
Deformed
country rock
Geysers and
hot springs
Groundwater
Magma
Plutonic
intrusion
Groundwater dissolves metal oxides
and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it
rises, precipitating metal ores in joints.
Deformed
country rock
Geysers and
hot springs Vein deposit
Groundwater
Magma
Plutonic
intrusion
8. Concentrations of Valuable
Mineral Resources
Chromite
layers (dark)
in layered
igneous rock
8. Concentrations of Valuable
Mineral Resources
Sedimentary deposits:
Copper, iron, other metals
Gold, diamonds, other
heavy minerals (placers)
Thought questions for this chapter
Back in the late 1800s, gold miners used to pan for gold
by placing sediment from rivers in a pan and filtering
water through the pan while swirling the pan’s contents.
The miners wanted to be certain that they had found real
gold and not pyrite (“fool’s gold”). Why did this method
work? What mineral property does the process of
panning for gold use? What is another possible method
for distinguishing between gold and pyrite?
Key terms and concepts
Anion
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Bedding
Biological sediment
Carbonate
Cation
Chemical sediments
Cleavage
Color
Contact metamorphism
Covalent bond
Crystal
Crystal habit
Key terms and concepts
Density
Disseminated deposit
Electron sharing
Electron transfer
Erosion
Fracture
Grain
Hardness
Hydrothermal solution
Igneous rock
Ion
Ionic bond
Isotope
Lithification
Key terms and concepts
Luster
Magma
Metallic bond
Metamorphic rock
Mineral
Mineralogy
Mohs scale of hardness
Ore
Oxides
Polymorph
Precipitate
Regional metamorphism
Rock
Rock cycle
Key terms and concepts
Sediment
Sedimentary rock
Silicate
Siliclastic sediments
Specific gravity
Streak
Sulfate
Sulfide
Texture
Trace element
Vein
Weathering