1

Bricks
Even a brick wants to be something.
-Louis Kahan
2
Introduction
Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed
mainly of concrete

It is usually larger than a brick.

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction.

Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay hardened by heat,
but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar.

Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively
known as brickwork, and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks
together to make a durable structure.
3

Common Burnt Clay Bricks

Types of Bricks
Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)

Engineering Bricks

Concrete Bricks

Fly ash Clay Bricks

4

Common Burnt
Clay Bricks
Common burnt clay bricks are formed by
pressing in molds. Then these bricks are
dried and fired in a kiln.

Common burnt clay bricks are used in

general work with no special attractive
appearances. When these bricks are used
in walls, they require plastering or
rendering.
5

Sand Lime
Bricks
Sand lime bricks are made by mixing
sand, fly ash and lime followed by a
chemical process during wet mixing.
The mix is then molded under pressure
forming the brick. These bricks can offer
advantages over clay bricks such as:
• Their color appearance is gray instead
of the regular reddish color.
• Their shape is uniform and presents a
smoother finish that doesn’t require
plastering.
• These bricks offer excellent strength as
a load-bearing member.
6

Engineering
Bricks
Engineering bricks are bricks
manufactured at extremely high
temperatures, forming a dense and strong
brick, allowing the brick to limit strength
and water absorption.
7

Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from solid
concrete and are very common among
homebuilders. Concrete bricks are usually
placed in facades, fences, and provide an
excellent aesthetic presence. These bricks
can be manufactured to provide different
colors as pigmented during its production.
8

Fly Ash Clay

Bricks
Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with
clay and fly ash, at about 1,000 degrees C.
Some studies have shown that these
bricks tend to fail poor produce pop-outs,
when bricks come into contact with
moisture and water, causing the bricks to
expand.
9

Hollow Concrete Blocks

Hollow concrete blocks contains void area greater than 25% of
gross area. Solid area of hollow bricks should be more than 50%.

Stretcher block

Corner block
Types of Blocks
Pillar block
Solid concrete blocks are commonly
Jamb block used, which are heavy in weight and
manufactured from dense aggregate.
Partition block They are very strong and provides good
stability to the structures. So for large
Lintel block
work of masonry like for load bearing
walls these solid blocks are preferable.
Frogged brick block
They are available in large sizes
Bull nose block compared to bricks.
10

Corner Blocks

Corner blocks are used at the ends or

corners of masonry. The ends may be
window or door openings etc. they are
arranged in a manner that their plane end
visible to the outside and other end is
locked with the stretcher block.
11

Pillar Blocks

Pillar block is also called as double corner

block. Generally these are used when two
ends of the corner are visible. In case of
piers or pillars these blocks are widely
used.
12

Jamb Blocks

Jamb blocks are used when there is an

elaborated window opening in the wall.
They are connected to stretcher and
corner blocks. For the provision of double
hung windows, jamb blocks are very
useful to provide space for the casing
members of window.
13

Partition
Concrete Block
Partition concrete blocks are generally
used to build partition walls. Partition
blocks have larger height than its breadth.
Hollow part is divided into two to three
components in case of partition blocks.
14

Lintel Blocks
Lintel block or beam block is used for the
purpose of provision of beam or lintel
beam. Lintel beam is generally provided
on the top portion of doors and windows,
which bears the load coming from top.
Concrete lintel blocks have deep groove
along the length of block as shown. After
placing the blocks, this groove is filled
with concrete along with reinforcement.
15

Frogged Brick
Blocks
Frogged brick block contains a frog on its
top along with header and stretcher like
frogged brick. This frog will helps the
block to hold mortar and to develop the
strong bond with top laying block.
16

Bullnose
Concrete Block

Bullnose blocks are similar to corner

blocks. Their duties also same but when
we want rounded edges at corner bullnose
bricks are preferred.
17

Three Different Kinds of Bricks

Plastic or Pure Clay

Loam or Sandy Clay

Bricks and It's
Marls
Constituents
Bricks are easily molded from plastic
clays also known as bricks or brick earth
18

Alumina (Al2O3) - the bricks constituents

of clay, gives the plasticity necessary for
molding into required shape.

Silica (SiO2) - present in adequate

quantity in a brick, preserved the form of
the brick at high temperatures and prevent
shrinkage, warping and undue hardness Useful
during drying and burning.

Lime
Constituents of
Iron Oxide - acts as flux and brings Brick Earth
hardness in bricks

Magnesia - influences the colors of bricks

and gives yellow tint.
19

Iron Pyrite

Alkaline

Carbonaceous Matters
Harmful
Pebbles

Sulphate of Lime
Constituents of
Magnesium Sulphate Brick Earth
Sodium and Potassium Chlorides

Reh and Kallar

Vegetable Matters, Weed, etc.

20

Manufacture of
Clay Bricks
The fundamentals of brick
manufacturing have not changed
over time. However technological
advancement have made
contemporary bricks plants
substantially more efficient and
have improved the overall quality
of the products. A more complete
knowledge of raw materials and
their properties, better control of
firing improved kiln designs and
more advanced mechanization
have all contributed to advancing
the brick industry.
21

Raw Materials Types of Clay:

(CLAY) Surface Clays
Shales
Fire Clays
22
Types of Clays

Surface Clays
01 Shales
02 Fire Clays
03

it may be the up thrusts of older are clays that have been subjected to are usually mined at deeper levels.
deposits. high pressure until they have nearly
hardened into slate.
23
Process of Manufacture

-----
24

1. Selection of Site

The site selected for the manufacture

of bricks must have suitable soil
available in sufficient quantity,
otherwise unnecessary labor and
transportations of the soil would be
involved. The availability of materials
near the site of the brick making is a
great importance. It also necessary
that the water and fuel, coal and
wood are easily available in sufficient
quantities.
25

2. Preparation of Clay
a. Weathering – the soil is left on heaps and exposed to weather for at least one
month in cases where such weathering is considered necessary for soil. The
purpose of weathering is to disintegrate big boulders of clay under the action
of atmospheric agencies to make it uniform mass and also to eliminate the
impurities which get oxidized.
b. Tempering – After weathering the required quantity of water should be
mixed with the soil to obtain the right consistency for molding. The
quantity of water to be added may range from ¼ to 1/3 of the weight of
soil, sandy soils requiring less water and the clayey soils requires more water
The moistened soil is kneading the soil maybe plugged in a pug mill of
suitable size corresponding the quantity of bricks to be manufactured.
26
Moulding of Bricks

a. Hand molding

The tempered clay is forced in the mold in

such a way that fills all the corners of the
mould. Extra clay is removed by wooden
strike. Mould is then lifted up and raw brick
is left in the ground.
27
Moulding of Bricks

b. Machine moulding

Is used where large number of bricks are to

be made.
28
Types of Clays

Plastic Clay Machine

01 Dry Clay Machines
02
29

5. Burning of Bricks

Bricks are burnt to remove the moisture

present in the clay in the mixed state,to
impart hardness and strength to the bricks.
30
Burning of Bricks

Brick Clamp
01 Kiln Burning
02

are not permanent structure and that most are permanent structure and have
of the fuel is incorporated in clays arrangement for introducing furl during
the burning period
31

CLASSIFICATION
BRICKS are classified as the following:
OF BURNT CLAY
On the basis of Quality

On the basis of Manufacturer

On the basis of Utility

32

Sand Faced

A faced brick shaped in a mold that has

been sprinkled with sand to prevent clay
from sticking to the mold.
33

Rustic

A brick that has a rough-textured finish

produced by covering it with sand, wire
brushing, or impressing it with a pattern.
These bricks are often in a variety of
colors.
34

Multi-Coloured
35

Hand moulded
36

Machine
moulded
37

First Class Bricks

(Grade-A)
Well burnt in kilns, table mouled and
rectangular with sharp edges.

Surface is clean, smooth and has no

cracks.

Very hard

Mainly used for face-worked structured or

used for superior work.
38

Second Class
Bricks (Grade-B)
Burnt in clamps and ground-moulded but
with little irregular in shape.

Surface of bricks is rough and have spots.

Hard

Mainly used for ordinary structures and

also used at places where brick work is to
be provided with plaster coat.
39

Third Class
Bricks (Grade-C)
Ground-moulded and burnt in clamps.

Have distorted edges.

Slightly soft.

Used for important and temporary

structure and at place where rainfall is not
heavy.
40

Fourth Class
Bricks (Grade-D)
Over burnt bricks.

Have irregular surface and dark color.

Very hard

Used as aggregates for concrete

foundations, floor, roads etc.
41

Colour of brick should be bright and

uniform.

Properties of Bricks should have uniform shape

BURNT CLAY
and standard size.

BRICKS Bricks should free from voids.

Bricks should be well-burnt, copper-

coloured or reddish in colour.
42

Bricks should be free from cracks

and must have sharp edges.

Properties of When two bricks are struck with

each other, it should give a metallic
BURNT CLAY sound.

BRICKS When bricks are soaked in water, it

should not absorb more than 20% of
its dry weight.
43

When bricks are dropped on a flat

surface from a height of one meter it
should not crush into pieces.

Burnt Clay Bricks must be greater

Properties of than 5.5 N/mm².

BURNT CLAY Bricks must have nil efflorescence.

BRICKS Bricks must be sound proof and

should have low thermal
conductivity.
44

Test for Compressive Strength

Testing of Bricks and
Test for Water Absorption Blocks
Test for Efflorescence

Test for Warpage

45
Test for Compressive Strength

The specimen brick is immersed in water for 24 hours followed by immersion in clear
water for three days. The specimen is then placed between the plates of the compression
testing machine. Load is applied axially at a uniform rate of kN/mm2 (140 kgf/cm2) and
the maximum load at which specimen fail is noted for determination of compressive
strength the brick given by.

 
Compressive Strength =
46
Test for Water Absorption

The absorption of bricks is not related directly to the porosity. Some of the absorption may
be through the pores, which permit air to escape in absorption test but others are cul-de-sac
or even completely sealed and inaccessible to water under ordinary conditions. For these
reason, it is seldom impossible to fill more than about 75% of the pores by simple
immersion in cold water and boiling method is adopted for measuring complete absorption.
In both cold water test and boiling water test, the specimen is dried in a ventilated oven at
100⁰ C to 150⁰ C till it attains a substantially constant mass. In cold water test the
specimen is then kept immersed in clean water at 27⁰ C for 24 hours. It is weighed again to
determine the weight of water absorbed and water absorption percentage is given by:

 
Water absorption percentage by weight =
47
Test for Water Absorption

In the boiling water test after the dried specimen is immersed in a tank such that water can
circulate freely on all sides of the specimen. Water is healed to boiling in one hour and
boiled continuously for five hours. The water is allowed to cool to 27⁰ C by natural loss of
heat for 16 to 19 hours. The specimen is again weighed and the water absorption percentage
is given by

 
Water absorption percentage by weight =
48

What is efflorescence?
is a crystalline deposit of salts often
seen on the surface of concrete,
Test for bricks, stucco or natural stone

Efflorescence surfaces.
the word efflorescence means to
"flower out" in French .
a white powdery substance.
49

Method of Efflorescence Test

1.Fill distilled water in shallow dish and

place one end of brick in dish. Water
should fill in dish such that bricks should
immersed in water up to 25 mm depth.
Bricks soaked in Distilled water

2.Place this whole arrangement in a

warm ventilated room such that whole
water is absorbed by the specimen and
the surplus water will get evaporated.
50

Method of Efflorescence Test

3.Cover the dish containing brick with

suitable glass cylinder so that there will
not excessive evaporation from dish.

4.When whole water get absorbed and

brick appears to be dry, place a similar
quantity of water in the dish and allow it
to evaporate as before.

5.After this process examine the bricks

for efflorescence and report results.
51

Results

Results of efflorescence test shall be

reported as nil, slight, moderate, heavy
or serious.
52

Results

Nil- If there is no noticeable deposit of

efflorescence.

Slight- when less than 10% of exposed

area of brick is covered by a thin layer of
salt.

Moderate- When there is a heavier

deposit than under ‘slight’ and covering
up to 50 percent of the exposed area of
the brick surface but unaccompanied by
powdering or flaking of the surface.
53

Results

Heavy – When there is a heavy deposit

of salts covering 50 percent or more of
the exposed area of the brick surface but
unaccompanied by powdering or flaking
of the surface.

Serious-when there is heavy deposit of

salt acquired by powdering and/or
flaking of exposed surface.
54

Specially Shaped Bricks

Burnt Clay Facing Bricks

Heavy-duty Bricks
Special Bricks
Perforated Building Bricks
These Bricks are different from the commonly used
Burnt Clay Hollow Blocks building bricks with respect to their shape,
specification and special purpose for which they are
Sand Lime Bricks made. Accordingly the following types of bricks
may be classified as special bricks.
Sewer Bricks

Acid-resistant Bricks

Refractory Bricks
55
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Bull-nosed Bricks
These are used for rounding off sharp
corner
56
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Cant/Plinth Bricks
These bricks have a bevel taken of one side and may
be used in plinth or in doors and window jambs
57
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Cornice Bricks
These are often made in different shapes and sizes.
These bricks are used for constructing cornice.
58
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Circle Bricks

These are made to curve of the desired circle and

are used in circular towers and wells, etc.
59
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Coping Bricks

These are made in different forms and

sizes to fit walls of different thickness.
60
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Gutter Bricks
These are often made in different shapes and sizes.
These bricks are used for constructing cornice.
61
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Jamb Bricks
Are ornamental bricks, used in doors and window
jambs. These are either chamfered or differently
rounded at one corner.
62
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Sill Bricks
Are specially manufactured ornamental bricks for
window sills.
63
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Key Bricks

Are used in arches.

64
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Round Bricks
Are used for circular pillars.
65
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Hollow Bricks
Are used in construction of hollow walls.
66
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Mullion Bricks

Are used for bay window

67
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Perforated/ Air Bricks
Are ornamental bricks, used in doors and window
jambs. These are either chamfered or differently
rounded at one corner.
68
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Corbel Bricks
Are ornamental bricks, used in doors and window
jambs. These are either chamfered or differently
rounded at one corner.
69
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Chequered Bricks
Are the paving bricks. These bricks render the wall
less slippery.
70
Special Shaped Bricks

Tubular Bricks
Are hollow bricks having large perforations running
along their length.
71
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Hourdi Bricks
Are similar to the tubular bricks, but are flat instead
of round.
72
Special Shaped Bricks

+1200k +5000k
Culvert Bricks
Are shaped as voussirs or arches and
they taper in thickness.
73

These bricks are used in the face

masonry without any further surface
Burnt Clay protection. Where external plastering
or rendering have to be frequently
Facing Bricks renewed, due to corrosive
atmosphere and also for high rise
building, used for facing bricks is
economical.
74

1. Facing bricks are of two classes

IS Specification
2. The average compressive strength should
not be less than 75kg/cm² for Class II and
100kg/cm² for Class I
as regards Burnt
3. Water absorption requirement to 24 hours Facing Clay
immersion should not exceed 15%
Bricks
75

4. Efflorescence requirement should be ‘nil’

for both classes.
IS Specification
5. The war page for both classes should not
exceed 2.5mm. as regards Burnt
6. These bricks should be far from cracks,
flaws and nodules of free lime. The Facing Clay
standard size of facing bricks is 19 x 9 x
9 cm and 19 x 9 x4 cm. Bricks
76
77

They are required for masonry in

heavy engineering work such as
bridge structures, industrial
foundations and multi storied
Heavy Duty building.

Bricks They characterized by high durability,

low water absorption, high
compressive strength and high bull
density , and should be free from
cracks and other flaws and lime
nodules.
78
79

These bricks are lightweight and

provide better thermal insulation as
Perforated compared to common bricks.

Building These are free from cracks, flaws and

Bricks nodules of free lime and have a
rectangular face sharp straight edges
to right angle.
80

1. The Standard size of perforated bricks should

be 19 x 19 x 9cm and 29 x 9 x 9cm

2. The area of perforation should be between

30% to 45% of the total area of the
corresponding face of bricks.

3. The area of each perforation should not

exceed 500mm².

4. The perforation should be uniformly

distributed over the surface.
81

These bricks when tested in accordance with the

procedure lay down in IS:3495-1973; should have:

1. Maximum compressive strength of 7 N/mm² on net

area.

2. A maximum average water absorption of 15% by

mass.

3. A rating for efflorescence not more than slight, and

the average war page should not exceed 3%.
82

They are light in weight for masonry

construction and also being hollow
imparts thermal insulation to the
Burnt Clay building.

Hollow Blocks These blocks should be uniform in

color and should have fine, compact
and uniform texture.
83

1. These blocks are of the following three types:

Type A: Blocks with both faces keyed for

plastering and rendering

Type B: Blocks with both faces smooth and

suitable for use without plastering and
rendering on either side.

Type C: Blocks with one keyed and face smooth

84

2. The size of burnt clay hollow blocks should be 19 x 19

x 9cm and 29 x 9 x 9.

3. Thickness of any shell should not less than 11 mm and

that of any web not less than 8mm.

4. The minimum average crushing strength of the blocks

when determined should be 2.5 N/mm².The average
water absorption of the blocks by mass should be more
than 20%
85

These bricks, are also called calcium

silicate bricks, consist essentially on
an intimate and uniform mixture of

Sand Lime
siliceous sand and crushed siliceous
rock and lime combined by the

Bricks action of saturated stream under

pressure. By heating the mixture
under pressure, hydrated silicates
and aluminates are formed which
bind the sand grains together
86

-----
87

-----
88

Sewer Bricks Sewer bricks are intended

for lining of walls, roofs and
floors of sewers used for
ordinary sanitary (domestic)
sewage.
89

The general practice in our country is also to

utilize common building bricks in the
construction of sewer, which is not
satisfactory. However, these bricks are not
suitable for sewer dealing with industrial
effluent (sewage) for which the use of acid
resistant bricks as per IS: 4885 – 1968 are as
follow:
90
1. The standard size of sewer bricks shall be as follow:

Length Width Height

(cm) (cm) (cm)

19 9 9
19 9 4
91 2. Tolerance for distortion or warpage of face or edges of individual
brick from a plane surface and from a straight line respectively
should be 2.5mm

Dimension Tolerance
(cm) (mm)

19 +5
9 +2
4 + 1.5
92

3. The average compressive strength

obtained on a sample sewer bricks
should not be less than 175 kg/sq. cm
93

4. The average value of water

absorption for five bricks after 20
hours cold water immersion should
not exceed 10% of average dry weight
of bricks and absorption of each
individual brick should not exceed
12%
94

5. The rating of efflorescence should

not be more than slight
95

These bricks are used for masonry

construction, flooring subject to
Acid Resistant acid attack, lining of chambers and

Bricks towers in chemical plants, lining of

sewer carrying industrial effluents,
etc. to prevent deterioration of
surface by acid except hydrofluoric
acid and per chloric acid and other
chemicals.
96

These bricks are made of raw

materials, such clay or shale of
Acid Resistant suitable composition with low lime
and iron content, feldspar, flint or
Bricks sand vitrified at high temperature in
a ceramic kiln. These are designed
primarily for use in chemical and
allied industries and are normally
used with chemical resistant
mortars. As per IS 4860-1968.
97
Acid Resistant Bricks

The actual dimensions for acid resistant bricks are 230 x 114 x 64mm .
-----
Dimension Tolerance
(mm) (mm)
230 +3.5
114 +2.0
64 +1.0
98 Acid resistant bricks are manufactured in two classes satisfying the requirements as given in the table.

-----
99

Class I bricks are recommend for severe

type of corrosive environments as obtained
in storage tanks, picking tanks, etc. and also
in heavy duty floors subject to frequent
contact with corrosives
Two Classes of
Class II bricks are recommended for floors
and working areas which are subjected to
Acid Resistant
occasional spillage of acids, flumes and
contact with dry chemical as in fertilizer Bricks
soils. These may also be used for skirting
and lining soil.
100

These are non-metallic suitable for

the construction or lining of
Acid Resistant fumaces operated at high
temperatures. Stability at high
Bricks temperatures both physical and
chemical is the primary
requirement for refractory
materials.
101

These are made of from refractory

clays which can withstand very
high temperatures without
Acid Resistant becoming soft and melting. The

Bricks refractory clay is composed of heat

resisting materials such as silica,
alumina, bauxite, magnesite,
chromite, etc. and does not contain
metallic oxide of iron, lime alkalies
owing to their actions as fluxes.
102
The preparation of clay, moulding, drying, burning in kins and aneating of fire bricks are the same as
detailed for ordinary bricks.
103
The preparation of clay, moulding, drying, burning in kins and aneating of fire bricks are the same as
detailed for ordinary bricks.
104

Types of Acid bricks

Refractory Basic bricks

Bricks Neutral bricks
105
Fire Bricks

These are made from clays which are generally

mixed with small percentage of sand to reduce
shrinkage during burning. The clay generally
comprises 50% to 70% silica,20% to 40% alumina
and less than 10% of fluxes. The brick are
moulded either by stiff mud and dry press process
or repressed after partial drying. These bricks
should be able to stand a temperature of 1200
degree Celsius and should withstand with a load of
2kg/sq.cm at a temperature of 1350 degree
Celsius.
106
Silica Bricks
These are made from quartzite and sandstone or silica sand
which contains more than 95% of silica. Ordinarily,
however, the ground siliceous rock or sand are not
sufficiently plastic when tempered with water and are mixed
either with 2% of high calcium lime to act is binding
material or a very small percentage of fire clay is added.
Silica bricks are moulded by soft mud process and burn at a
temperature of about 1483 degree Celsius which slightly
higher than that of fire bricks. The compressive strength of
silica brick is often more than 150 kg/sq. cm and the
softening temperature ranges between 1300 degree Celsius
to 1800 degree Celsius. These bricks have a large coefficient
of expansion and are laid with a wide joint. Both fire and
Silica bricks are used in steel industry and coke oven and
cannot be used in intermittently operated furnaces.
107
Blue Bricks

A type of acid bricks made from clay and marl

containing about 10% of oxide of iron. These
bricks are durable, capable of withstanding
pressures and impervious of water. These are
chiefly used in lining works of masonry sewers.
108

Basic Bricks Common types of Basic Bricks:

Magnesite Bricks
Dolomite Bricks
Bauxite Bricks
109
Magnesite Bricks
The chemical composition of these bricks is as follows:

Magnesia (Mgo) (min 85%); calcium oxide (CaO) (max

25%); and silica (SiO2) (max 5.5%)
110
Dolomite Bricks

These are not as satisfactory as magnesite bricks. These are made

----- of calcined dolomite, the
carbonate of magnesia and lime. The natural rock or a mixture of the rock and is ground and
tempered with water and moulded. After drying they are burnt like magnesia bricks. These
bricks suffer greater contraction at high temperature than bricks.
111
Bauxite Bricks

-----
Bauxite which consists of 50% of 50% or more of alumina and iron and silica as impurities of
calcined and crushed to a fine powder. It is then mixed with 15 to 30% of fire clay and with
water and then moulded. Although properly burnt, bauxite bricks are highly refractory they
have not come into general use because of high shrinkage and high temperature.
112

Neutral Bricks Various types of Neutral Bricks:

Chrome Bricks
Chrome-magnesite bricks
Spinel
Forsterite Bricks
113
Chrome Bricks

-----
These contains 30 to 40% of chrome oxide, the remainder being mainly oxide of magnesium,
aluminum and silicon. They possess great resistance to corrosive actions of slags and gases.
They are less refractory and weaker magnesia bricks.
114
Chrome-magnesite Bricks

-----

These are made from a mixture of chrome ore and magnesite with a predominating percentage
of chrome ore. These bricks possess good mechanical properties.
115
Spinel

-----

Is a special refractory produced in an electric furnace consisting of magnesia and alumina.

116
Forsterite Bricks

-----

These are made from mineral forsterite (2MgO SiO2). They have less shrinkage and possess
good mechanical properties at high temperature.
117

Building Tiles Clay products that resemble

bricks, but thinner, are
called tiles.
118

Roofing Tiles
01 Flooring Tiles
02 Wall Tiles

-----
03
Building tiles are principally of three types depending upon their use:
119
Roofing Tiles

-----
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally
available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such
as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.
120 20x20cm
20x10cm
15x15cm
Thickness 15mm or 20mm
Tolerance of length and width +5cm
and for thickness +2cm
121
Pot tiles

These are semi-cylindrical in shape whose one end is

broader than the other . It is 300mm long , having 106mm
and 99mm diameters at the ends and 10mm thick. This tiles
maybe use as a sole covering to a roof.
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Corrugatted tiles

They have 3-4 corrugations. This tiles are handsome in

appearance but these are easily strip off by violent wind.
However this tiles can be laid as low a pitch as 25 degrees.
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Plain tiles

Are required to cover the ridge of a stopped roof. The

lengths of those tiles vary from 450mm to 500mm. These
tiles have overlapping arrangements.
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Terracing Tiles

-----
Length: 25 to 15 cm in stages of 2.5cm
Width: 20 to 10 cm in stages of 2.5
Thickness: 20mm and 15mm
Tolerance in length, width thickness +2%
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Flooring Tiles

A tile, made from any material, designed to be laid as flooring.

15x15x1.5cm -----
15x15x2.0cm
20x20x2.0cm
25x25x3.0cm
25x20x2.5cm
Tolerance limit is the same as roofing tiles.
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Flooring Tiles
127
General Quality

-----
Flooring , roofing, terracing are made from good clay or even texture and should be well
burnt. This should be uniform in size and shape and should be free irregularities such as
twists, bends, crack, flaws ,etc.
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Warpage Test

-----

Warpage should not exceed 2% along the edges and 1.5 along the diagonal in case of flooring
tiles. In case of terracing tiles maximum warpage should not exceed in any direction by 1%.
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Water absorption test for flooring, roofing and
terracing tiles

Take six tiles and dry this in an oven at a temperature 100°C to 110°C
----- till they attain the
constant weight and then cool. Weight this is immerses the dry specimen completely in clean
water at 24°C to 30°C for 24hours . Remove each specimen wipe of the surface water
carefully with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen current to a gram within 3 min. after
removing the specimen for water.
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Water absorption test for flooring, roofing and
terracing tiles

W= Percent of
----- water absorption

M2= weigh of the specimen after

24hours immersion in cold water
M1= weigh of the dry specimen
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Porcelain or Glazed Tiles

These tiles maybe plain and white or colored and decorative.

These are chiefly used in walling and sometimes in flooring
to serve a specific function.
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Drain tiles

Are usually segmented tiles required for construction of

drains. The manufacture of these tiles is abandon because it
is rarely used.
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Pottery made of clay fired to

Earthenware a porous state that can be
made impervious to liquids
by the use of a glaze.
Ceramic ware made of
slightly porous opaque clay
fired at low heat.
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Glaze Earthenware Tiles Types of

Terracotta Earthenware's
Stoneware
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Glaze earthenware
The glaze as uniform in quality and is either glossy or matt.
136
Glaze earthenware
The glaze as uniform in quality and is either glossy or matt.
137
Glaze earthenware
The glaze as uniform in quality and is either glossy or matt.
138
Terracotta
Is a clay-like earthenware ceramic that can be either glazed or unglazed.
139
Terracotta
Is a clay-like earthenware ceramic that can be either glazed or unglazed.
140
Stoneware
A type of pottery that is impermeable and partly vitrified but opaque.
141
Stoneware
A type of pottery that is impermeable and partly vitrified but opaque.
142
Stoneware
A type of pottery that is impermeable and partly vitrified but opaque.