SOUND

Helmiyanto Ismoyo
 Introduction

1. Sound, Vibration, and energy transfer

2. Detecting Sound
3. Loudness and the decibel scale
4. Loudness, amplitude and oscilloscopes
5. Pitch and Frequency
6. Echo
7. How to find distance from echo
 SOUN
D

Student will be able to:

1. Describe how sound waves are produced
2. Explain how sound wave travel
3. Describe how the ear detect sound
4. Explain how your hearing can be damage
5. Describe how the microphone work
Can you touch your throat?
And say “HELLO”
What do you feel?
Sound is a form of energy and wave

Sound produced by a vibrating object

 What is sound wave?
For example the loudspeaker.
The vibrating loudspeaker cone makes the air molecules next to it move
backwards and forwards. This disturbance, or vibration is what we call a
sound wave.
Or
Sound wave is a vibration in the air or other material, how sound travel
 Longitudinal and transverse
waves
Longitudinal
The coil of the slinky move to and fro in the same direction as the wave
travelling.

Example:
Sound waves
Some types of Earthquake
Where the air particles/molecules are close together it is called a
compression.

Where the air molecules are further apart it is called a rarefaction.

 Longitudinal and transverse
waves
Transverse
The coil of the slinky are moving at right angles (90o) to the direction of
the travel of waves.
 Three things that sound could be heard

1. Resources
2. medium
3. listener
resources
Human Voice
• The Larynx, also known as the
voicebox, is the sound generator
in voice production.
• It connects the throat (pharynx)
with the windpipe (trachea).
• At the top of the larynx is the
epiglottis. This small flap
prevents food and water from
entering the voice box. When
you swallow, the larynx rises to
meet the epiglottis to seal off
the trachea.
Vocal Cords
• Inside the larynx are two
strips of tissue called the
vocal cords.
• Muscles pull these two
strips tight to allow you to
speak or sing. Air passing
through the vocal cords
creates a vibration.
Fun Fact: Remember that time?
• As children grow older, their
vocal cords lengthen, which
produces lower pitches.
• In girls, this change might
not even be noticed.
• For boys, their range can
drop an octave.
• Sometimes this growth
presses on the middle of the
larynx, thus creating a larger
Adam’s apple.
 resources

Animal Sounds
• Crickets and grasshoppers produce sound by rubbing together rasplike structures
on their wings.
• In the vertebrates many means of mechanical sound production exist.
A number of birds, of widely divergent families, have feathers modified for
producing sound in flight.
The specially modified tail tip of the rattlesnake is another familiar example.
Many animals, especially among the mammals, produce sounds with parts of
the body that are specialized for other purposes; stamping or drumming on the
ground with the feet is seen in many species, and slapping the water with the tail
is a common means employed by aquatic mammals to warn others of danger.
• Many fishes produce sounds by moving bones or teeth against
each other, sometimes with the swim bladder acting as
resonating cavity.
• Amphibians , the sirens (order Trachystomata), salamanders
(Caudata), and caecilians (Gymnophiona) are silent or nearly so,
but the frogs (Anura) are highly vocal, producing species-specific
sounds by moving air between the mouth and lungs past vocal
chords in the windpipe (trachea).
• Among reptiles,  crocodilians and some turtles produce low-
pitched sounds; lizards (except geckos) and snakes are usually
silent, except for hissing sounds uttered under stress. Vocal sounds
of birds are produced by the syrinx, a specialized region at the
lower (posterior) end of the trachea.
• Mammalian vocalizations, on the other hand, originate in the 
larynx, a modification of the upper (anterior) end of the trachea.
Members of both groups may use the mouth for resonating or
filtering sound or may possess special outpouchings of the trachea
or esophagus that serve as resonating cavities.
 resources

Musical Sounds
• Idiophones, such as the xylophone, which produce sound by vibrating
themselves;
• Membranophones, such as drums or kazoos, which produce sound by a vibrating
membrane;
• Chordophones, such as the piano or cello, which produce sound by vibrating
strings;
• Aerophones, such as the pipe organ or oboe, which produce sound by vibrating
columns of air.
• Electrophones, such as the electric guitar or electric bass, which produce sound
through electricity and is required to be plugged into an amplifier.
resources

Noise
Noise is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to
hearing.
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is the disturbing noise with harmful impact on the
activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide
is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor
vehicles engines and trains. Outdoor noise is summarized by the word
environmental noise.
 MEDIUM

• Sound vibrations can travel through different materials

• Sound can travel through solids, like metal, stone and wood.
• Sound can travel through liquids, like water.
• Sound can travel through gases, like air.
Speed of sound travel

• In air, sound travels at 1,160 km per hour, but speeds up in water to

5,400km per hour.
Substance Temp (oC) Speed (m/s)
Carbon 0 259
Dioxide
Oxygen 0 316
Air 0 331
Air 20 343
Air 40 355
Helium 0 965
Substance Temp (oC) Speed (m/s)
Chloroform 20 1004
Ethanol 20 1162
Mercury 20 1450
Water 20 1482
Lead 1960
Gold 3240
Glass 4540
Copper 5010
Glass 5640
Steel 5960
Aluminium 6320
 How we hear

The outer and middle ear

The outer ear is made up the pinna, auditory canal, and ear drum. The
outer ear gather the sound wave directs it to the ear drum. Once makes
the eardrum vibrate, and this in turn makes the ossicles vibrate.

The ossicles make up the middle ear they are the smallest bones in our
body. They pass the vibration on to the oval window, and then the inner
ear
 How we hear

The inner ear

The inner ear made up of two parts: the semicircular canals and the
cochlea.
The semicircular canals help you to balance.
The cochlea is shaped like a snail shell. It contains fluid and also sound
detecting cells with hairs on them.
When the oval windows vibrates, it transmits the vibration to the fluid.
The vibrating fluid makes these hairs vibrate. The cells release chemicals
which produce a signal that travel down the auditory nerve to your brain.
 Hearing Loss

Your ear contain delicate structure including the tiny ossicle bone and
thin membranes of the oval window and eardrum. There are many
ways that your hearing can be affected if these structure are damaged.
 Loud sound can perforate (make a hole in) your eardrum. The hole
will usually heal in a few weeks or months.
 Many people get wax in their ear, and this can affect your hearing.
 If you have an ear infection, fluid can be produced around the small
bones.
 Head injuries can affect the auditory nerve which will affect your
ability to hear properly
 Microphone and loudspeakers

• Microphone is a type a transducer. It converts the energy in a sound wave

into an electrical signal. The human ear is the body’s microphone
The microphone contain a diaphragm, which is a flexible plate. When the
sound wave hits the diaphragm it makes it move backwards and
forwards, like eardrum. This movement produces an electrical signal that
can be amplified and sent to a loudspeaker, or recorded and stored.
• Loudspeaker is a another type of transducer, it converts the electrical
signal into a sound wave. The electrical sound make the cone move in
and out, which make the air molecules move backward and forward to
make a sound wave.
 PROJEC
Make a video to explain about T
sound.
A. With your group
B. Video conditions:
Choose 1 topic from the sub-unit
Video duration is about 10-15 minutes (If less then 10 minutes half point)
You can combine videos with animations or images
Video content:
• Introduction your self
• Explanation the topic what you choose
• You can do experiment in your video to explain the topic.
• Last part of the video is about summary from your explanations
• Please submit 31st October 2019