USCS20/Aizat

C++ PROGRAMMING
1 Chapter 5
REPETITION STRUCTURE
CHALLENGE
 Write a program to print exactly 1000 lines of the
message:

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“I will score A for this subject.”

//for loop
for (int i=0; i<1000; i++)
{
cout << “I will score A for this subject” << endl;
}

//while loop
int count = 0;
while (count < 1000)
{
cout << “I will score A for this subject” << endl; 2
}
OBJECTIVES
 Basic Loop Structures
 while Loops

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 Interactive while Loops

 for loops

 Loop Programming Techniques

 Nested Loops

 do while Loops

 Common Programming Errors

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BASIC LOOP STRUCTURE
 It is convenient if you could type repeating
instructions only once in a program.

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 This method is available by using repeating sections
of code.

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ELEMENTS OF REPETITION STRUCTURE
1)Repetition statement :– while, for, do while

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2) Condition – pretest and posttest loops

3) Initial Value for Condition

4) Loop Termination

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CONDITION: PRE-TEST LOOP
 Pretest loop: condition is
tested first; if false,
statements in the loop body

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are never executed
 while and for loops are
pretest loops

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CONDITION: POST-TEST LOOP
 Posttest loop: condition is
tested after the loop body
statements are executed;

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loop body always executes
at least once
 do while is a posttest
loop

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LOOP TERMINATION
 Fixed-count loop: loop is processed for a fixed number
of repetitions

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 Variable-condition loop: number of repetitions depends
on the value of a variable

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WHILE LOOPS
 Statements following the expressions are executed as
long as the expression condition remains true (evaluates
to a non-zero value)

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 Syntax: while (expression)
 statement;
 sum = 0;
n = 1; //initial value
while(n <= 10) // expression
{
sum = sum + n;
n++; //altering list 9
}
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EXERCISE!
 Write a C++ program that use while loop to display in
decreasing order start from number 100 to 1.

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CHALLENGE
 Write a while loop to count the number of even numbers
from 1 to 78

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INTERACTIVE WHILE
 Combining interactive data entry with the while
statement provides for repetitive entry and accumulation
of totals

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 Conclusion: cin>> in while loop

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INTERACTIVE WHILE LOOPS:
SENTINEL
 Previously have been examples of fixed-count loops –
counter is used to control the number of loop iterations.

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 Sentinel: a data value used to signal either the start or
end of a data series
 Use a sentinel when you don’t know how many values
need to be entered

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USE YOUR BRAIN POWER!
 Write a program that will accept a user-entered number. Input
as many positive number as user want and enter 0 in order to
stop the iteration. Calculate and print the average of the

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number entered.

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FOR LOOPS
 for statement: a loop with a fixed count
condition that handles alteration of the condition

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 The for loop uses the same components as the while
loop in a more compact form
for (n = 1; n <= 10; n++)

Initialization Action
Update Action 19
Relational Expression
FOR LOOPS
 Initializing list: sets the starting value of a counter
 Expression: contains the maximum or minimum

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value the counter can have; determines when the
loop is finished
 Altering list: provides the increment or decrement
value that is added or subtracted from the counter in
each iteration of the loop

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FOR LOOPS (CONT..)
 Sample

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int i;
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
{ cout<<i<< “ “ ;
}

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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FOR/WHILE LOOP COMPARISON
 sum = 0;
n = 1;
while(n <= 10) // add the numbers 1 - 10

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{
sum = sum + n;
n++;
}
 sum = 0;
for (n = 1; n <= 10; n++) //add the numbers 1 - 10
sum = sum + n;

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EXERCISE!
 Using a for loop, write a C++ statement to display:

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2 5 8 11 14 17 20

 Write a C++ program segment to find the sum of even

numbers from 20 to 50

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NESTED LOOPS
 Nested loop: a loop contained within
another loop

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All statements of the inner loop must be
completely contained within the outer loop;
no overlap allowed
Different variables must be used to control
each loop
For each single iteration of the outer loop, the
inner loop runs through all of its iterations

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NESTED LOOPS (CONT..)

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NESTED LOOPS (CONTINUED)

C++ for Engineers and Scientists, 4th Edition

Figure 5.12 For each i, j loops.

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NESTED LOOPS (CONT..)
 Other sample of program
No. of rows
for ( i=1; i<=4; i++)

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{ No. of columns
for (j=1; j<=3; j++)
cout<<j<< “ “;
cout<<endl;
} Output:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3

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NESTED LOOP EXERCISE!
 Write a program that will read ten students’ scores for 4
subjects they are currently taking for this semester.
Finally calculate the average score for each student.

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CHALLENGE
 Write a nested loop to display the following output:
*****

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****
***
**
*

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DO WHILE LOOPS
 do while loop is a posttest loop
 Loop continues while the condition is true
 Condition is tested at the end of the loop

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Syntax:
do
statement;
while (expression);
 All statements are executed at least once in a posttest
loop

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DO WHILE LOOPS: VALIDITY CHECKS
 Useful in filtering user-entered input and providing data
validation checks

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 Can enhance with if-else statement

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CHOOSING CORRECT LOOP
STATEMENT?
 Choosing a for loop
 for-loops are typically selected when doing
numeric calculations, especially when using

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a variable changed by equal amounts each
time the loop iterates
 Choosing a while loop
 A while-loop is typically used when a for-loop is not appropriate
 When there are circumstances for which the loop body should
not be executed at all
 Choosing a do- while loop
 A do-while-loop is typically used when a for-loop is not
appropriate.
 When the loop body must be executed at least once 32
COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS
 Using the assignment operator (=) instead of
the equality comparison operator (==) in the

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condition expression
 Placing a semicolon at the end of the for
clause, which produces a null loop body
 Using commas instead of semicolons to
separate items in the for statement
 Omitting the final semicolon in a do
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