Culture

A
A set
set of
of Learned
Learned revised
revised
system
system of
of maintained
maintained People
People interacting
interacting
meanings
meanings defined
defined
Cultural knowledge

Cultural
Cultural set
set
Cultural
acquired
acquired of
of
rules experience
experience

A
A large
large
body
body ofof
shared
shared
knowledge
knowledge
What people do
What people say
The things people make and use

Cultural behaviour
Cultural knowledge
Cultural artifact

The two levels of Cultural Knowledge

AIZZ
 Cognitive
Cognitive map
map

Interpretation

cultural
behaviour

Cultural artifacts
feelings acts

confused verbal Produce

Non verbal artifact
Why? New habit

Never
Never
leave
leave
bathroom
bathroom
undressed
undressed
 things

events Geographic etc

Types
location
of
people

Interpretive
process
Symbols

Symbolic interactionism meanings

Blumer (1969)
 Ethnography

• The work of describing a culture

• Learning from people (spradley 1980:3)
• “ …….. This concern with the meanings
of action and events to the people”

Types
Types of
of Ethnography
Ethnography

Muecke
Muecke (1994)
(1994)
1.
1. Classical
Classical :: behaviour,
behaviour, why,
why, what
what
circumstances
circumstances
2. Systematic
2. Systematic :
: structure of
structure of culture
culture
3. Interpretive
3. Interpretive : meaning-social
: meaning-social
interaction
interaction
4.
4. Critical
Critical :: issues
issues of
of injustice
injustice and
and
social
social oppression
oppression
 Making Cultural Inferences

Getting inside
people’s heads

3 types of information

• what people do (cultural behaviour)

• what people make and use (cultural artifact)
• What people say
 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Define a Make Design a

Formulate
research operational research
hypotheses
problem definitions instrument

Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8

Gather the Analyze the Draw Report the

data data conclusions results

Linear Sequence in Social Science Research

 Collecting
Collecting
ethnographic
ethnographic data
data

Asking
Asking Making
Making an
an
ethnographic
ethnographic ethnographic
ethnographic record
record
questions
questions

Selecting
Selecting an
an Analyzing
Analyzing
ethnographic
ethnographic ethnographic
ethnographic data
data
project
project

Writing
Writing an
an
ethnography
ethnography

The Ethnographic Research Cycle

 Scope Of Research

SCOPE OF RESEARCH SOCIAL UNITS STUDIED

Macro-Ethnography Complex society

Multiple communities
A single community study
Multiple social institutions
A single social institution
Multiple social situations
Micro-Ethnography A single social situation

Micro : friendship
classrooms
organization
 Organization

aims
kinds of technology of
people the type of
work

Culture
Event Climate of
of a set of values, norms the presents
the past and beliefs

Structure
&
System
THE CULTURES OF ORGANIZATIONS

 POWER CULTURE
 ROLE CULTURE
 PERSON CULTURE
 TASK CULTURE
THE POWER -Effectiveness depends on
CULTURE *trust &
*empathy telepathy &
*personal conversation

-Few rules and procedures

little bureaucracy

Small entrepreneurial
companies
THE ROLE CULTURE

Work by logic &

Rationality

Job description is
more important than
individual

Offer security &

predictability for
individual

Purchasing department Rules & procedures are

Finance department the major method
influence
THE TASK CULTURE

•Job or project Oriented

•Influence is dispersed,based on
more expert power

•Utilizes the unifying power of

the groups

•Individual identify with the

objective organizations

•Easy working relationship

THE PERSON CULTURE
Individual is the
central point

An organization exists
only to serve the
individuals within it

No super-ordinate
objectives
Architects’ partnerships
hippy communes
families, small
consultancy firms
 The god of wine,
intoxication,
and creative ecstasy
Self oriented
Difficult to manage

DIONYSUS
 METHOD

• descriptive (overviews)
• focussed
• selective

Hymes (1978)
• comprehensive (overview)
• topic oriented (decide on social situation)
• hypothesis oriented (developing RC)
NINE MAJOR DIMENTION TO SOCIAL SITUATION

Spradley (1980)

1. Space
2. Actors
3. Activities
4. Object
5. Act (single action carried out by a group of people)
6. Event (a sel of related activities)
7. Time
8. Goal (to whole group members)
9. Feelings, emotion
• Domain Analysis
• Taxonomic Analysis (Langer categories)
• Componential Analysis (units of meaning)
 Ethnography as
Products &
as Method

DISCOURSE DISCOURSE
COMMUNITY OF COMMUNITY OF
ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL
NON ENGLISH SCIENCE
DEPARTMENTS EDUCATION

ESNED MEDSCIENCE
DC DC

Framework of Conceptual Design

 Fac. of
Medical Animal Fac. of
Domain,
Taxonomic, & School Husbandry Law Collection
Componential Culture
Analysis Fac. of Domain
Fac. of Engineering
Agriculture Analysis
Domain/
Concept

ESNED

Domain/ Integration
Concept Culture THE ELC
Componential
Analysis

The MSEP
The EPs

Psychological
ESNED : English for non-English Dept Response to contract & culture
ELC : English Language Center role problem orientation
MSEP : Medical School English Program
taxonomic
: Lines of collection culture
: Lines of integration culture

The Defined Cases in ESNED Discourse Community Organizational Context

 Fac. of
Medical Animal Fac. of
School Husbandry
Law Collection
Boundaries &
Culture
Framework (1)

Fac. of Fac. of
Agriculture Engineering

ESNED

Integration
Culture THE ELC

The MSEP
The EPs

Response to Psychological
ESNED : English for non-English Dept
ELC : English Language Center role problem contract & culture
MSEP : Medical School English Program orientation

: Lines of collection culture

: Lines of integration culture

The Defined Cases in ESNED Discourse Community Organizational Context

Boundaries & Medical School
Framework (2) Curriculum Implementation

Brawijaya University Saiful Anwar

Medical School General Hospital

Academic Training Professional Training

Collection Internship Residency

Integration

Year Year Year Year Year Internal

I I II III IV 15 Medicine,
Departments Surgery Obstetric
& Gynaecology

ESMS Basic Medical Clinical

Sciences Sciences lectures
laboratory work
Process &
Products
Patterns of Patterns of
interaction language use

The Defined Cases for the

Pragmatic Constraints Students’ role
Nested characteristics of
in the Teaching of & English
Collection Subjects learning style
DEFINING THE CASE: BOUNDING THE TERRITORY

A case : focused and bounded phenomenon

embedded in its context
(Miles and Huberman, 1994:27)

Individuals

culture program roles group organization

 THE CASE AS THE UNIT
OF ANALYSIS

BOUNDARY

(setting,
concepts,
sampling, etc)

FOCUS

Miles and Huberman (1994:23)

SAMPLING: FROM CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual Framework

Research Questions

Sampling

Purposive Theory Iterative

Driven Rolling
Progressing

English For the Students of

Medical School (ESMS) Brawijaya University : A Program Evaluation
PROSES/ STRATEGI PENGUMPULAN
& ANALISIS DATA

1. Memahami situs
2. Membuat sintesis
3. Membangun teori
 Memahami Situs
Masuk Situs dengan Niat Belajar

•Bekal teori penting (tidak untuk mengarahkan)

•Fokus pada apa yang hendak dicari
•Butuh kemampuan untuk mendengarkan (jangan memberikan penilaian)
•Jadilah bagian dari situs (Participant Observation)
•Jangan memaksa partisipant.
Tunggu sampai mereka rela membagi dunianya dengan peneliti
•Aktif bertanya tentang data
•Mampu membedakan norma yang berlaku dan pengecualian
•Mempertahankan semangat ingin tahu
FIELDNOTES (DESCRIPTIVE)
Perpustakaan Pusat UB. Mahasiswa FK itu datang dan berjalan
langsung ke rak buku dimana buku teks tentang Radiokogi
diletakkan. Dia mengambil buku, dan mencari tempat duduk
pada meja terdekat. Meja itu bisa menampung sepuluh orang.
Dia membolak balik beberapa halaman buku teks tersebut
sebelum mulai membaca. Namun setelah sepuluh menit,
kepalanya terkulai jatuh keatas buku yang tebalnya seukuran
bantal tersebut, lengannya memeluk buku teks. Dia sudah
tertidur selama sepuluh menit, dengan kacamata diatas meja,
ketika beberapa mahasiswa lain datang dan duduk pada meja
yang sama. Mahasiswa FK itu terbangun, menguap, dan
menggosok matanya. Wajahnya sembab akibat ketiduran. Dia
memakai kacamatanya dan mulai membaca lagi. Sebelum
limabelas menit, dia sudah meninggalkan meja.Dengan
tergesa-gesa, dia meninggalkan buku teks di atas meja.
(Winarni, 2006)
(FNSTDCHARACT040504)
 FIELDNOTES (REFLECTIVE)
Ilustrasi tentang kehidupan mahasiswa kedokteran yang sibuk banyak ditemukan pada novel
Erich Segal yang berjudul ‘Doctors’. Salah satunya adalah kehidupan dari tokoh utama yang
bernama Laura. Laura, dalam novel tersebut, adalah mahasiswa kepaniteraan Klinik pada
saat dia menikah dengan Palmer. Kehidupannya sebagai mahasiswa kepaniteraan klinik
telah membuat suaminya lontang lantung dalam masa bulan madu mereka, dimana Laura
menghabiskan waktu istirahatnya tidur alih alih bersama suaminya, seperti yang
diniatkannya. Dalam novel tersebut tertulis:

He was a patient man and Laura---- still radiant and energetic from their honeymoon
made the nights she was off duty compensate for her absences.But the internship
weighed heavily on her shoulders and fatigue set in. Then she would come home,
kiss him, take a shower, have a bite to eat, and then plunge like a deep-sea diver into
many – fathomed slumber. Gradually she started to give up eating. After a few more
weeks she would leave the shower for the morning, kiss him, throw off her shoes,
and then go to bed in what she had been wearing.

Ilustrasi Segal’s (1988) sangat tepat dalam mendiskripsikan mahasiswa FK dalam

kepaniteraan klinik pada beberapa bagian tertentu di RSSA. Kerja keras mereka di mata
mahasiwa fakultas lain juga bisa diidentifikasi dari besarnya sks yang mereka harus tempuh.
Dokumen 056/U/1994, Kurikulum Pendidikan Tinggi yang berlaku secara nasional,
mempersyaratkan 144 – 160 untuk keilmuan diluar kedokteran, tetapi sks total yang harus
diambil mahasiswa FK adalah yang terbanyak, yakni 160. Pada kenyataannya, dst dst.
(Winarni, 2006)
Fieldnotes
Appendix 7: The Legendary Magic (Buku Pesawat and Other Lecture Notes)
Appendix 8: Transparencies

Appendix 9: Exam Materials, Handouts

Appendix 10: Textbooks on Medical Sciences

Appendix 11: Handbooks on Medical Sciences

Appendix 12: Saiful Anwar General Hospital: Amphitheatre (2001)
ndix 13: Saiful Anwar General Hospital: Amphitheatre (After Renovation)