AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT

Automobile Safety
System
Guided by Prof. Niraj Shah(PhD)

18BME043 Harshil
Jariwala
18BME044 Divyansh Jain
Introduction
• Automotive safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and regulation to
minimize the occurrence and consequences of traffic collisions involving motor cycles

• However, automobile accidents have still been the leading cause of  injuries and death in most
countries.

• Car safety also pertains to  necessary car safety features this is incorporated in our car to  protect
us and other passengers from injury and death during a  collision or crash

• Road accidents have been a major cause for concern across the Indian subcontinent

• In 2019 alone, the country reported over 151 thousand fatalities due to road accidents
 Anti – Lock Braking System

Tractive Control System

Electronic Stability Control

Safety Blind Spot Detector

systems Night Vision Assist

Tire pressure Monitoring System

Automatic Braking System

Parking Sensors
Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

• An anti-lock braking system or anti-

skid breaking system (ABS) is an
automobile safety system that allows
the wheels on a motors vehicle to
maintain tractive contact with the
road surface according to driver
inputs while breaking

• This prevents the wheels from

locking up (ceasing rotation) and
avoiding uncontrolled skidding
Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)
• In case of normal Brakes, when brakes are
applied, wheels stop rotating completely

• So, when driver tries to take turn, vehicle will not

be able to take turn

• ABS prevents wheel from completely locking up,

such that some amount of Rotational Velocity will
remain 

• This helps vehicle take turn while braking to

avoid collision
Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

• If the brakes are applied gently, the wheel

slows down, and a frictional force is
developed between the tire and the roadway
surface that, in turn, reduces the vehicle's
speed 
• Engineers term this situation wheel slip

• The frictional force increases with

increasing slip. A maximum is reached at
approximately 20% slip
Components
• Speed sensors - These sensors monitor how fast
the wheel or wheels are rotating
• Valves - Valves in the brake line allow, block and
release pressure on the brakes by assuming three
different positions
• Pump - These pumps are filled with hydraulic fluid
and apply pressure to the brake drums or calliper
on demand
• Controller - The electronic control unit (ECU) is
the brain of the ABS and uses data from the sensors
to determine whether or not to pump the brakes
Working • If the brakes are suddenly applied by the driver, it
may cause the wheel to Lock
• ECU reads the signal and sends signal to the valve
which reduces pressure to brake
pad, preventing wheel from locking
• The wheel again starts to accelerate, signal is sent
to the controller, but this time it opens the valve,
increasing the pressure to the brake pad, this
reduces the speed of the wheel and tries to make it
stop
• This process of applying brakes and releasing it
happens 15 times in a second when a driver
suddenly applies the brake harder
Limitations

• ABS has been proven to reduce the risk of crashing when being used on typical road surfaces
like bitumen and concrete

• But the results are quite different on surfaces like snow, ice and gravel, where braking distances
are actually increased

• On snow, a wheel that skids or locks will build up a wedge of snow helps vehicles stop

• Whereas ABS would detect the locking of a wheel and attempt to stop any skidding or locking
from occurring
Traction Control System
• Traction control is an electronic system
within the car that has the ability to reduce
or prevent wheelspin. (A spinning wheel
means that the tire is no longer gripping the
road surface effectively)

• It could lead to oversteer in a rear-wheel

drive car, or understeer in a front-wheel
drive car
Working

• The primary input of the TCS is the wheel speed sensor. These sensors continuously monitor the
speed of each driven wheel and send the data to the ABS and Traction Control System ECU

• When a slip is detected between the tire and the road, the TCS regulates brake pressure on the
slipping wheel
Working

• This process of slowing down the wheel helps it regain traction 

• Simultaneously, torque is shifted through the differential to the opposite wheel that has a better
traction when compared to the slipping wheel
Electronic Stability Control

• ECS integrates anti-lock braking system

and traction control system (TCS) 

• A function the prevent skidding

• If the vehicle moves in a different

direction under steering or over steering
ESC detects the situation and reacts
accordingly
Airbags

• Airbags is the safety systems that is used in automobile for the purpose to provides the
occupants a soft cushioning and restraints during a crash events to prevents any impact or
impact-caused injuries between the flailing occupant and the interior of the vehicle

• The airbags provides an energy absorbing surface between the vehicle’s occupants and a steering
wheel, instruments panel
Airbags
• Depending on the crash severity, the rate at which the airbags are deployed is decided by the
airbag control unit. In the event of a crash, the crash sensor sends a signal to the airbag control
unit
• This control unit triggers the inflation device, which generates nitrogen gas by igniting a mixture
of sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3)

• The time between crash detection and complete deployment of the airbag is approximately 0.05
seconds
• Most systems use a weight sensor in the front passenger seat to determine if the seat is occupied

• If it is not, the passenger airbag will not deploy

• The weight sensor can also discriminate between children and adults who may be occupying the
seat
Blind Spot Detector

• Blind-spot monitoring uses a set of sensors mounted on the side mirrors or rear bumper to detect
vehicles in the adjacent lanes

• If the sensors detect something, they'll alert you via an audible and/or visual warning
Blind Spot Detector
• It is especially useful in case of vehicles with
long trailers attached

• Another recent upgrade to blind-spot monitoring

is a change from passively warning to actively
helping the driver avoid a potential collision

• For example, if the car you're driving detects a

car next to you when you're about to change
lanes, it can manipulate the steering and brakes
to try to avoid a collision
Night Vision Assist
• Night vision systems use video cameras
that are sensitive to infrared to detect
the heat given off by humans and
animals against the colder background
of the roadway environment

• Infra-red emitters may also form part of

the vehicle's headlights to help detect
objects at greater distances than is
possible using only the naked eye with
conventional lighting
Tire Pressure Monitoring System
• Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) are
a way of warning a driver that a tire is
incorrectly inflated

Incorrectly inflated tire can lead to: -

• Increased wear of the tires treads which will

lead to a higher chance of aquaplaning in the
wet

• Reduced handling characteristics and a reduced

control of the vehicle

• Longer stopping distances

• Higher chance of the tire delaminating, which

could lead to a sudden tire failure
Types of TMPS
Automatic Braking System
• Automatic braking is a safety technology
that automatically activates the vehicle’s
brake system, to some degree, when
necessary

• Active crash avoidance technologies use

sensors, cameras, radar, and LIDAR to
detect vehicles

• These sensors can recognize pedestrians,

animals, road debris, and stationary objects
• Most systems issue a visual or audible warning when detecting an impending vehicle collision

• Some also provide brake assist, by pre-charging the brakes to provide more power when the
driver brakes

• If the driver fails to press the brake pedal, the car brakes on its own

• Some advanced systems completely take over and stop the vehicle before a collision occurs
Parking Sensors
• Parking Sensors are basically
proximity sensors which alarm the
driver when the vehicle gets too
close to an object

• They are mounted most commonly

on the rear bumper for reverse
assistance and the front bumper
from forward-clearance in
some cars

• Cameras are also used that shows

you what is behind you without
turning back
Conclusion

Be Safe, Drive Smart:

 Rather than the safety system a lot depends on us on how we drive our vehicles
 Use seat belts in cars
 Avoid over speeding and follow traffic rules
 Use helmets while ridding bikes
 Also, When we select a car then we must look for all these safety features
Refrences
• https://www.trackdays.co.uk/news/anti-lock-braking-system-abs/

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321085372_Modelling_and_Simulation_of_a_Vehicle_Powertrain_and_Anti-Lock_Braking_System/figures
?lo=1

• https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/08/anti-lock-braking-system.html

• https://aermech.com/anti-lock-braking-system-abs-working/

• https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-news/108191/traction-control-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work

• https://cecas.clemson.edu/cvel/auto/AuE835_Projects_2011/Tiwari_project.html

• https://cecas.clemson.edu/cvel/auto/systems/airbag_deployment.html

• https://audimediacenter-a.akamaihd.net/system/production/media/52988/images/d250b9900ca619505b6422c8cfead752b4a6c640/A1711347_full.jpg?
1582374131

• https://www.motortrend.com/news/blind-spot-monitoring/

• https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/best-cars-blog/2016/10/what-is-an-automatic-braking-system#:~:text=Automatic%20braking%20is%20a%20safet
y,vehicle%20before%20a%20collision%20occurs
THANK YOU