Chapter 2 :- Networking Basics

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Chapter Objectives

• Learn about network topologies

• Learn about the OSI model
• Understand physical layer functions
• Understand data link layer functions
• Learn about other layer’s functions
Network Definition

There are many different types of networks.

The term “computer network” is often used
interchangeably with any network where data
communications take place. A network can be
voice, data, or even people or groups of people
speaking with each other without the aide of
electronic devices
A Typical Computer Network
Goals of the Network

 The network should be:

 Simple
 Manageable
 Adaptable and scalable
 Reliable
 Transparent
Types of Computer Networks

 A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that

connects a cluster of users and devices within a
building and is managed on site
 Multiple LANs can be internetworked together to form
Building Area Networks (BANs) or Metropolitan Area
Networks (MANs)
 LANs, BANs, and MANs can be internetworked
together over large geographical regions to form Wide
Area Networks (WANs)
 Network topologies
 Computer networks have physical and logical
topologies
 Physical topologies are the layout of the networking
cables, devices, and workstations
 Logical topologies dictate the path data takes between
devices and workstations
 Every network has both a logical and a physical
topology
Physical Topologies
The OSI reference model
 The OSI reference model is used universally as a
method for teaching and understanding network
functionality
 Following the OSI model when designing, building,
upgrading, or troubleshooting will achieve greater
compatibility and interoperability between various
types of network technologies
The OSI reference model
Reasons for using the OSI model

 Divides the aspects of network operation into less

complex elements
 Enables engineers to specialize design and
development efforts on specific functions
 Prevents changes in one area from affecting other
areas, so that each area can evolve more quickly
 Allows network designers to choose the right
networking devices and functions for that layer
 Helps with testing and troubleshooting