STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

CES 523
FLEXURAL MEMBERS DESIGN
RESTRAINED & UNRESTRAINED STEEL BEAM

MOHD AZUAN TUKIAR

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PULAU PINANG)
BKBA 2.12
012 – 5149 452
azuan.tukiar@uitm.edu.my

www.penang.uitm.edu.my
TOPIC 3: FLEXURAL MEMBERS DESIGN

Learning Outcome:

1. Able to determine and analyze the action that was acting on the
steel beam (CO1‐PO2).

2. Able to design and perform resistance checking of a steel

beam(CO2-PO3).
EC3:1:1 EC3:1:5 Table of Properties
 PRELIMINARY

Before we start to design for any structural element (not limited to flexural members),
we need to determine a few items:

1. Steel Section Dimension and Properties

2. Yield Strength, fy and Ultimate Strength, fu – (Table 3.1)
3. Classification of Section – (clause 5.5.2)
4. Partial Factor – (clause 6.1)
5. Design values of material coefficients (clause 3.2.6)
STEEL SECTION DIMENSION AND PROPERTIES

Flange

Web

UNIVERSAL COLUMN, UC,

UNIVERSAL BEAMS, UB, UKB
UKC
YIELD STRENGTH & ULTIMATE STRENGTH
Yield strength is defined as the maximum stress that a solid material can withstand
when it is deformed within its elastic limit.

Ultimate strength is defined as the maximum stress that a solid

material can withstand before its failure.

It is essential to determine the yield and ultimate strength of the

material that we wanted to use in the design. To assess yield and
ultimate strength, we have to refer to Table 3.1 in EC3:1:1.
There are many examples of European grades of
structural steel – for example, S195, S235, S275,
S355, S420, and S460. In EC3:1:1:1 – Table 3.1,
there is three structural steel grade that commonly
uses in design which are S235, S275, and S355.

The chemical composition of structural steel is

essential and highly regulated. It is a fundamental
factor that defines the Mechanical properties of the
steel material. In the following table, you can see the
Max % levels of certain regulated elements present
in European Structural steel grades S235, S275, and
S355.

EU C Mn P S Si
Grade %max %max %max %max %max

S235 0.22 1.6 0.05 0.05 0.05

S275 0.25 1.6 0.04 0.05 0.05

S355 0.25 1.6 0.05 0.05 0.05

Example 1:

Determine yield strength and the ultimate strength of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using
steel grade S355.

Solution:

Determine tf and tw for section. From Table of Properties, 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m:
tf = 13.2 mm
tw = 9.6 mm

Both thickness are less than 40mm.

From Table 3.1, for steel grade S355, both thickness less than 40mm

Yield Strength, fy= 355 N/mm2

Ultimate Strength, fu = 490 N/mm2
 CLASSIFICATION OF SECTION
1. A steel section is a combination of flange and
web. A thin part of the steel section tends to
buckle when loaded in compression. The
tendency to buckle will limit the load-carrying
capacity of the steel section and cause premature
failure.

2. Premature failure can be avoided by limiting the

width‐to‐thickness ratio for the flange and web
section. This is the basis of the section
classification approach.

3. EC3 defines four classes of a cross‐section in

which a particular cross‐section falls depends
upon the slenderness of each element and the
compressive stress distribution.
5.5.1 Basis
The role of cross section classification is to identify the extent to which the resistance and rotation
capacity of cross sections is limited by its local buckling resistance.

5.5.2 Classification

Class 1 - cross-sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required
from plastic analysis without reduction of the resistance.

Class 2 - cross-sections are those which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have
limited rotation capacity because of local buckling.

Class 3 - cross-sections are those in which the stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel
member assuming an elastic distribution of stresses can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is
liable to prevent development of the plastic moment resistance.

Class 4 - cross-sections are those in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of yield
stress in one or more parts of the cross-section.

Classification is made by comparing actual width-to-thickness ratios of the plate elements with a set
of limiting values, given in Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1.
Example 2:
Determine class of section for UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.

Solution:
From Example 1, steel grade S355, fy= 355 N/mm2 and fu = 490 N/mm2

Web (Table 5.2 (a))

Flange
From Table of Properties, cw/tw = 49.6
ε = 0.81
cw/tw = 49.6 < 72ε (58.32)

.: Web section is Class 1. Web

Flange (Table 5.2(b))

From Table of Properties, cf/tf = 6.58
ε = 0.81
cf/tf = 6.58 < 9ε (7.29)

.: Flange section is Class 1.

.: Both section was Class 1

 PARTIAL FACTOR
6.1 General

(1) The partial factors γM as defined in 2.4.3 should be applied to the various characteristic
values of resistance in this section as follows:
resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is: γM0
resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks: γM1
resistance of cross-sections in tension to fracture: γM2
Partial factors γMi for buildings may be defined in the National Annex. The following numerical
values are recommended for buildings:
γM0 = 1,00
γM1 = 1,00
γM2 = 1,25
 DESIGN VALUE OF
MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS
3.2.6 Design values of material coefficients
 
The material coefficients to be adopted in calculations for the structural steels covered
by this Eurocode Part should be taken as follows:
 
– Modulus of Elasticity E = 210,000N/mm2
– Shear Modulus, G = 81,000 N/mm²
– Poisson’s Ratio in elastic stage ν = 0.3
– Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion α = 12×10−6 per K (for T ≤ 100 °C)
 
NOTE For calculating the structural effects of unequal temperatures in composite
concrete - steel structures to EN 1994 the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is
taken as α = 10×10−6 per K .
 INTRODUCTION TO
FLEXURAL MEMBERS DESIGN
1. A flexural member is a member that is subject to both tension and compression within its
depth, where, usually the bottom flange to go into tension, and the top flange to go into
compression.

2. Seven (7) Modes of Failure for Flexural Members:

 Bending
 Shear
 Local / Flange Buckling
 Shear Buckling
 Deflection
 Web Buckling
 Lateral Torsional Buckling
 Flange Buckling
Deflection

Bending

Shear

Shear
Buckling

Web Buckling
Due to high vertical stresses
directly over a support or under a
concentrated load, the beam web
may actually crush, or buckle as a
result of these stresses.
High excessive
load
Lateral Torsional Buckling
When the beam has a higher bending stiffness in
the vertical plane compared to the horizontal
plane, the beam can twist sideways under the
load. This is perhaps best visualized by loading a
scale rule on its edge, as it is held as a cantilever
– it will tend to twist and deflect sideways.

Slender web
section
 FLEXURAL MEMBERS DESIGN
1. Design Loading
2. Propose suitable size of Steel Beam
3. Classification of Section (c 5.2.2, Table 5.2)
4. Check on Shear Resistance (c 6.2.6)
5. Check on Bending and Shear (c6.2.8)
6. Check on Bending Resistance (c 6.2.5)
7. Check on Shear Buckling Resistance (c 6.2.6 (6))
8. Check on Flange Buckling Resistance (EC3:1:5, c 8)
9. Check on Web Buckling Resistance (EC3:1:5, c 6.2)
10. Check on Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance (c 6.3.2.1)
11. Check on Deflection (NA, c 2.23)
SHEAR RESISTANCE

3 Compare VEd to V c,Rd

2 Sub. shear area value into equation 6.18.

Determine plastic shear resistance.
SHEAR RESISTANCE
Determine Shear
1 Area
Example 3:
Determine shear resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.

Solution:
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r) tf but not less than nhwtw

hw = h – 2tf
hw = 528.3 – 2(13.2)
= 501.9 mm

nhwtw = 1.0 x 501.9 x 9.6

= 4818.24 mm2

Av = 10,500 – 2(208.8)(13.2) + (9.6 + 2(12.7))13.2

= 5449.68 mm2

Since Av > nhwtw .: take Av = 5449.68 mm2 (take highest value)

Shear Resistance, Vc,Rd = Vpl, Rd

Shear Resistance, Vpl, Rd = [Av (fy /√3) ] / γMO (eq 6.18)
= [5449.68 (355/√3)] / 1.0
BENDING &SHEAR
Example 4a:
Check reduction of bending resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.
Given applied shear force, VEd= 450 kN.

Solution:
Based on Example 3, Vpl, Rd = 1116.96 kN.
Since VEd= 450 kN < 0.5 Vpl, Rd (558.48kN) hence, effect on the moment resistance may be neglected.

Example 4b:
Check reduction of bending resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.
Given applied shear force, VEd= 650 kN.

Solution:
Based on Example 3, Vpl, Rd = 1116.96 kN.
Since VEd= 650 kN > 0.5 Vpl, Rd (558.48kN) hence, effect on the moment resistance, Mc,Rd has to
considered. Mc,Rd should be taken as the design resistance of the cross-section, calculated using a
reduced yield strength, (1 – ρ)fy where ρ = ((2VEd/Vpl,Rd) - 1)2

ρ = ((2x650/1116.96) - 1)2
ρ =0.0269
Reduced Yield Strength = (1-0.0269)355
= 345.45 N/mm²
Use Reduced Yield Strength value to determine for Moment Resistance of section.
BENDING RESISTANCE
Example 5:
Determine bending resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade
S355.

Solution:

From Table of Properties, Plastic Moment Resistance, Wpl = 2060 cm3

From Example 1, fy = 355N/mm2

Subsitute Wpl and fy into equation 6.13

Mc,Rd = (2060x 103 x 355)/ 1.0

= 731.30 kNm
SHEAR BUCKLING RESISTANCE

(EC 3:1:1) Clause 6.2.6(6)

Example 7:
Check shear buckling resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.

Solution:

hw/tw > 72ε/n (eq. 6.22)

hw/tw = 501.9/9.6
= 52.28
 
72ε/n = 72(0.81)/1.0
= 58.32
 
Since hw/tw < 72ε/n .: section is prevent the shear buckling.
FLANGE BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5)

A w = hw x t w
Af = b x tf
hw = h – 2tf

The value of k in Equation 8.1,

depends on the class of the
section.
Example 6:
Check flange buckling resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355.

Solution:

hw/tw = 501.9/9.6
= 52.28

Aw = hw x tw
= 501.9 x 9.6
= 4818.24 mm2

Af = b x tf
= 208.8 x 13.2
= 2756.16 mm2

For Class 1, plastic rotation utilize, hence k = 0.3

k (E/fy)( √(Aw/Afc) = 0.3 (210x103/355) (√(4818.24/2756.16))
= 234.64

Since hw/tw ≤ k(E/fy)√Aw/Afc .: section is prevent the compression flange buckling.

WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5) Figure 6.1(c)

1
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5) Clause 6.5 (1), (2)

2
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5) Clause 6.5 (3)

3
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5) Clause 6.4 (1)

5
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(EC 3:1:5) Clause 6.2 (1)

8
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
Example 8:
Determine web buckling resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355. Take
length of bearing plate, ss = 200 mm and c = 0

Solution:

kF = 2 + 6 [(ss + c)/ hw] (Figure 6.1 (c))

= 2 + 6 [(200 + 0) / 501.9]
= 4.39

le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw ≤ ss + c (Eq.6.13)

 
le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw
= (4.39 x 210 x103 x 9.62)/(2 x 355 x 501.9)
= 238.42 mm

ss + c = 200 + 0
= 200 mm

Since le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw ≥ ss + c .: take le = 200mm

 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
 m1 = fyf bf / fyw tw (Eq. 6.8)
=(355 x 208.8) / (355 x 9.6)
= 21.75

m2 = 0.02 (hw/tf)2 if > 0.5

= 0.02 (501.9 / 13.2) 2
= 28.91

ly = le + tf √ [(m1/2) + (le/tf)2 + m2] (Eq. 6.11)

= 200 + 13.2 √ [(21.75/2) + (200/13.2)2 + 28.91]
= 416.64 mm
 
ly = le + tf √m1 + m2 (Eq. 6.12)
= 200 + 13.2 √21.75 + 28.91
= 293.96 mm

Choose the lesser value from Eq. 6.11 and Eq. 6.12 .: ly = 293.96 mm

Cont’
 WEB BUCKLING RESISTANCE
 Fcr = 0.9 kF E (tw3 / hw) (Eq. 6.5)
= 0.9 (4.39) (210 x 103) (9.63 / 501.9)
= 1,462.59 kN

= √ (ly tw fyw / Fcr) (Eq. 6.4)

= √ ((293.96 x 9.6 x 355) / 1,462.59 x 103)
= 0.83

XF = 0.5 / ≤ 1.0 (Eq. 6.3)

= 0.5 / 0.83
= 0.6 ≤ 1.0 .: take XF = 0.6

Leff = XF ly (Eq. 6.2)

= 0.6 x 293.96
= 176.38 mm

FRD = (fyw x Leff x tw)/γm (Eq. 6.1)

= (355 x 176.38 x 9.6)/1.0
= 601.1 kN
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

7
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

6
5

2
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

1
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

3
 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
 Example 9:
Determine lateral-torsional buckling resistance of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355. Take the
length of the section is 7 meter.

Solution:

59

h/b = 528.3/208.8
= 2.53
Cont’
 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
  rolled H section grade S355 with h/b >2 .: buckling curve ‘b’
For
For buckling curve ‘b’ .: Imperfection factor , αLT = 0.34

00

31
DEFLECTION
DEFLECTION
 DEFLECTION
Example 10:
Determine deflection of UKB section 533 x 210 x 82 kg/m using steel grade S355. Take the length of the
section is 7 meter. A steel beam section is loaded with uniformly distributed loading gk = 8 kN/m and
qk = 6 kN/m.

Solution:

Maximum moment due to working load

Mmax = ((gk + qk) L2 ) / 8
= ((8+6)72)/8
= 85.752 kNm (Serviceability)
 
Calculate elastic resistance of section
 
Mc,Rd = Mel,Rd = (Wel x fy)/ γMO
= (1800 x 103 x 355)/ 1.0
= 639 kNm
 
Since Elastic resistance > Mmax .: section can be calculated elastically
 
Cont’
 DEFLECTION
dactual = 5wL4 / 384 EI
= (5 x 6 x 70004)/(384 x 210 x 103 x 475 x 106)
= 1.88 mm
 
dallow = span/360
= 7000/360
= 19.44 mm
 
Since dallow > dactual .: section is satisfactory for deflection
 REFERENCES
1. Chanakya Arya (2007), Design of Structural Elements, 3rd Edition, Spoon Press, UK.
2. W.M.C Mc Kenzie (1998), Design of Structural Steelwork to BS 5950 and C-EC3, Palgrave McMillan
3. BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Design of Steel Structures – General Rules and Rules for Buildings.
4. BS EN 1993-1-5:2006 Design of Steel Structures – Plated Structural Elements.
5. P361-Steel Building Design- Introduction to the Eurocodes (2009), The Steel Construction Institute
6. P362-Steel Building Design- Concise Eurocodes (2009), The Steel Construction Institute
7. P363 - Steel Building Design Data, In accordance with Eurocodes and the UK National Annexes
(2009), The Steel Construction Institute
8. Structural Steel - S235, S275, S355 Chemical Composition, Mechanical Properties and Common
Applications. Retrieve from: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6022