COOPERATION

AND
IMPLICATURE

Group 4:

Ratna Yulian Budiasih (A1B017075)

Olga Ramadona (A1B017080)
Arifah An Nabila (A1B017081)
Karina Larasati (A1B017098)
Sebrina Wijayanti (A1B017107)
 When people talk with each other, they try to
converse smoothly and successfully. Cooperation
is the basis of successful conversations.
• Speaker and listener are involved in a conversation are generally cooperate with each
others. For example when someone says “my car”, automatically the listener assumes that
the listener really has a car and the listener also plans to say the reality that he really has a
car.

• Implicaton is an addition purpose that is explained by the speaker. For example, when
someone asks to his friend about hamburger, “How do you like a hamburger?” then his
friend answers “Hamburger is hamburger”.

• The concept and the function of cooperation and implicature are fundamentally linked
“This sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not
normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick or with hold relevant information from
each other”.
• Cooperation can be understood as an essential factor when speakers and
listeners are interacting, in order word, it is the expectation that the listener has
towards the speaker. The speaker is supposed to convey true statements and
say nothing more than what is required.

• Implicatures are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observer or
flouts some principles of cooperation (different author have indentified
different principles).
 This sense of cooperation is one in which people having a
conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse
relevant information from each other. The point is the cooperation The
principle must give a good understanding to the speaker and the
listener. Cooperation principle can be divided by 4 subs:
Cooperative
1. Maxim of quantity Principle
 Make your contribution as informative as is required
 Do not make your contribution more informative
than is required.
2. Maxim of quality
 Try to make your contribution one that is true
 Don’t say what you believe to be false.
 Don’t say that for which you lack adequate
evidence.
3. Maxim of relation
 Be relevant
4. Maxim of manner
 Avoid obscurity of expression
 Avoid ambiguity
 Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
 Be orderly.
 HEDGES
Cautious notes to indicate that a speaker is aware of maxim but, not to them completely.
Speakers are aware of the maxim and show that they are trying to observe them.
For example:
• As far as I know, they are married
• I may be mistaken, but I thought I saw a wedding ring on her finger.
• I ‘m not sure if this right, but I heard it as a secret ceremony in hawaii
• The could not live without her, I guess.
 When making a statement, certain expressions can be used to indicate
the degree of certainty concerning the information given. These
expressions are called hedges:
- As far as I know, they are getting married.
- He couldn’t live without her, I guess.
 The basic assumption of conversation is the members
should follow the maxim rules in a conversation. 
Conversational
implicature
In real communication, the intention of the speaker is
often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The
real intention implied in the words is called conversational
implicature.
For example:
Wife : I hope you brought the bread and
the cheese.
Husband : Ah, I brought the bread.
 In this case, the husband did not mention the cheese.
Then, he must intend that the wife infers what is not
mentioned was not brought. The husband has conveyed
more than he has said via a conversational implicature.
 A possibility to perceive that there is no special
background knowledge required in the context to calculate
the additional conveyed meaning.
Generalized
Conversational
Implicatures
This implication is more general than conversation
implication because it isnot specific. Such as: A says: “I
was sitting in a garden one day. A child looks over the
fence”.

The implication shows that the garden and the child

are not his. If the garden and the child are his, he will says
“my garden” and ”my child”
• Scalar implicatures: occur when certain information is
communicated by choosing a word which expresses one value
from a scale of values.
Scalar
• From the highest to the lowest :
<all, most, many, some, few> Implicature
<always, often, sometimes>
• E.g: I’m studying linguistics and I’ve completed some of the
required courses.
- some of the required courses  the speaker creates an
implicature (+> not all )
- In fact, the speaker creates the implicatures (+> not all, +> not
most, +> not many).
The basis of the scalar implicature is that when any form in a
scale is asserted, the negative of all forms higher on the scale is
implicated.
 occur when a conversation takes place in a very
specific context in which locally recognized inferences are
assumed.
Particularized
Conversational
For example:
Implicature
- Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight?
- Tom: My parents are visiting.
In order to make Tom’s response relevant, Rick has to
draw on some assumed knowledge that one college student
in this setting expects another to have. Tom will be
spending that evening with his parents, and time spent
with parents is quiet (consequently +> Tom not at party).
 All the implicatures taken into consideration are part of what is
communicated and not said.
• Speakers can always deny that they intended to communicate such Properties of
meanings
Conversational
• Conversational implicatures are deniable
• They can be explicitly denied (or alternatively, reinforced) in different ways.
Implicatures
• The example below can illustrate this idea:
You have won only five dollars! (+> ONLY five)

It is quite easy for a speaker:

1. To the implicature (only) using the expression ‘at least’ E.g You’ve won
at least five dollars!
2. To the implicature by adding further information, often following the
expression ‘in fact’ E.g You’ve won five dollars, in fact, you’ve won ten!
3. To the implicature with additional information, as in: e.g You’ve won five
dollars, that’s four more than one!
• are NOT based on the cooperative principle or the maxims.
• They do not have to occur in conversational , and they do not depend
on special contexts for their interpretation.
Conventional
• Conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and
result in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used. implicatures
• The English conjunction ‘but’ is one of these words. BUT, YET,
EVEN
• E.g Mary suggested black, but I chose white.
• In this sentence, ‘Mary suggested black’ is contrasted, via the
conventional implicature of ‘but’, with my choosing white.
• Other English words such as ‘yet’ also have conventional
implicatures: Dennis isn’t here yet.
• In uttering this statement, the speaker produces an implicature that
she/he expects the statement ‘Dennis is here’.
• The of ‘yet’ is that the present situation is expected to be different, or
perhaps the opposite, at a later time. 
THANK YOU 