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WELCOME
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NAMASTE 6/12/21
 Tree Species Diversity in Farm-Based Agroforestry Practices
2 and its Socio-Economic Determinants
(A comparative study from two Local Governments of Bara District)

Researcher
Anil Koirala
MSc. Forestry
Faculty of Forestry, AFU- Hetauda
Email: koiralanil47@gmail.com

Advisor
Gyanbandhu Sharma
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Forestry, AFU- Hetauda

Co Advisor
Pramod Ghimire Expert Advisor
Assistant Professor Dr. Swayambhu Man Amatya 6/12/21

Faculty of Forestry, AFU- Hetauda

3 Outline of the presentation
 Introduction
 Problem Statement and justification
 Objective of the study
 Methodology
 Expected Output and Dissemination
 Time Schedule
 Budget sheet
 References

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 Introduction
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 Agroforestry is an integrated system of practicing agriculture, livestock

farming and forest activities on the same unit of land (GoN, 2019).

 Agroforestry depending upon the extent and functionality vary from small to
medium to large (Cubbage et al., 2012).

 Agroforestry provide multiple outputs, potentially reducing risk and increasing

income while also purportedly producing more ecosystem services than
conventional agriculture (Mercer et al., 2014).

 Trees are a medium for long-term investment on the farm (Place and Otsuka,
2000).
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 Cont.…

 Promising agroforestry pathways to increase on-farm food production and

income contribute to the Millennium Development Goals (Garrity, 2004).

 Years of experimentation with a wide range of soil fertility replenishment

practices has achieved wide adoption due to the development of different
types of simple, practical fertilizer tree systems (Place et al., 2002) resulting
high economic return in limited farm-based agroforestry.

 Farmers in Nepal have long been growing a variety of native trees in their
farm lands to maintain land productivity and to provide for subsistence needs.
However, modern agroforestry with exotic fodder and grass species is still a
relatively new practice in Nepal (Carter and Gilmour, 1989).
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 Problem statement and justification
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 Widespread deforestation and increasingly intensive use of land to sustain a

growing population has increased soil erosion, lowered soil fertility, and
reduced agricultural productivity of Nepal.
 Forest area of Province 2 covers only 27.49 % of its total area (9661 sq.km.)
which is only 3.99 % of the total forest area of the country (DFRS, 2020a).
 There are 106 local levels with absolute zero forest area in Nepal out of which
84 local levels (about 80 %) lies in Province 2 (DFRS, 2020b).
 Study report shows the decrease in the terai forest with annual rate of 0.44%
from 2001 to 2010 DFRS (2014).
 Forest covers of this Province falls under the terai and the chure range which
is considered to be the most disturbing range.
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 Cont.…
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 With the lowest forest covers in this province, agroforestry can be one of the best
alternatives and supplement options to decrease the dependency on the forest
resources.
 Wyatt-Simth (1982) reports that to sustain one hectare of agriculture land it
needs about 2.86 hectares of forests (cited in Amatya 2018) but due to limited
access to forest resources farmers find difficulty in maintaining such a ratio.
 Despite, the economical and environmental benefits the status of its adoption is
not satisfactory which may be due to inadequate studies on what factors
encourage farmers to grow trees on their farmland.
 As per Oli (2015) adoption of the AF System depends upon biophysical and
socio-economic factors, however, household-level socioeconomic factors seem
more detrimental. Thus, understanding these factors are key for communities,
policymakers, and practitioners to make the right planning and management 6/12/21

decisions in promoting, adoption and performance of AF practices (Kaua 2020).

 Objective
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General objective
 The general objective of this study is to know the tree species diversity in
farm-based agroforestry practices and its socio- economic determinants.

Specific objectives
 To document the composition and diversity of trees growing on farmland,
 To document the uses of trees growing on farmland,
 To analyse (model) the socio economic factors responsible for the extent
of trees growing on.

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 Methodology
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A. Study Area

 This study will be carried out in

Bara District of Province Two
 Area of 1,190 sq.km.
 Population of 687,708 (MOHP, 2011).
 Longitude 85.06° E
 Latitude 27.13° N
 Forest cover 36.64% (DFO Bara, 2018).
 Selected Local level
 Nijgadh municipality
 Kalaiya sub-metropolitan city

Fig : Study Area

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B. Data Collection
Primary Data Collection
 Reconnaissance Survey
 Key Informant Survey
 Focus Group Discussion
 Questionnaire survey (Arkin and Colton, 1963)
 Direct Observation

Secondary Data Collection

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11 C. Data Analysis
The qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire survey will be analyzed
and interpreted using MS-Excel and SPSS statistical software and non-statistical tools. Trees on
farms will be analyzed in terms of diversity using
Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H) = - Ʃ Pi ( lnPi )
 
Where Pi is the proportion of total no. of individuals that occur in the species i. i.e. (ni /N).
and dominance using
Simpsons Dominance Index (D) = (n / N)2
 
Where n is the total number of a particular species and N is the total number of all species

Also, Spearman’s rank co- relation and Chi-square test will be used to analyze the relationship
between socio-economic factors (such as household demographics, asset, and income) and
adoption of agroforestry practice. Regression analysis model will be built with the explanatory
factors that will be associated with tree growing on-farm. 6/12/21
 Expected Output and Dissemination
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The following outcomes are expected :

 It will help to understand the diversity and dominance of the tress species of the two local
government thereby helps in formulating the AF species profile.
 Documentation of the most usable agroforestry tree species in the local government and finding
out the most profitable trees species.
 Socio-economic determinants of the local people will be documented, creating ample
opportunities to develop the framework for the further planning.

The report will be submitted to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forests and Environment of
Province 2, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nijgadh municipality and Kalaiya sub-metropolitan
city and will be published online which will provide valuable information as the secondary data
sources and guidance for the students, researchers and planners.
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 Time Schedule
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 Budget sheet
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In words : Fourty seven thousand and eight hundred rupees only.

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 Reference
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Amatya, S. M., Cedamon, E., & Nuberg, I. (2018). Agroforestry systems and practices in Nepal. Agriculture and Forestry
University (AFU).
Carter, A. S., & Gilmour, D. A. (1989). Increase in tree cover on private farm land in central Nepal. Mountain Research and
Development, 381-391.
Cubbage, F., Balmelli, G., Bussani, A., Noellemeyer, E., Pachas, A. N., Fassola, H., ... Hubbard, W. (2012). Comparing
silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world, Agroforestry Systems, vol. 86, pp. 303-314.
DFO, Bara (2018). A Glimpse on Community Forestry Development Programme in Bara district (In Nepali version). District
Forest Office, Bara, Nepal
DFRS (2014). Terai Forests of Nepal. Forest Resource Assessment Nepal Project, Kathmandu. Department of Forest Research and
Survey.
DFRS (2020a). Forest Covers Maps of Seven Provinces Levels, Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS). Kathmandu,
Nepal.
DFRS (2020b). Forests Cover Maps of Local Levels (753). Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS). Kathmandu,
Nepal.
Garrity, D. P. (2004). Agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Agroforestry systems, 61(1), 5-17.
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GoN (2019). National Agroforestry Policy 2019. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Government
of Nepal, Nepal.
Kaua, C. (2020). Socio-economic Factors Affecting Adoption of Agroforestry Practices in Forest Adjacent Communities: The
Case of Ndabibi Location, Nakuru County, Kenya. East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry, 2(1), 59-67.
Mercer, D. E., Cubbage, F. W., & Frey, G. E. (2014). Economics of agroforestry. Economics of Agroforestry 188-209, 188-209.
MoHP (2011). Nepal Population Report, Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu.
Oli, B. N., Treue, T., & Larsen, H. O. (2015). Socio-economic determinants of growing trees on farms in the middle hills of
Nepal. Agroforestry Systems, 89(5), 765-777.
Place, F., Franzel, S., DeWolf, J., Rommelse, R., Kwesiga, F., Niang, A., & Jama, B. (2002). Agroforestry for soil fertility
replenishment: evidence on adoption processes in Kenya and Zambia. Natural Resources Management in African
Agriculture: Understanding and Improving Current Practices. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 155-168.
Place, F., & Otsuka, K. (2000). The role of tenure in the management of trees at the community level: Theoretical and empirical
analyses from Uganda and Malawi (No. 577-2016-39163).

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6/12/21