Design Of Low Power Wireless

Sensor Networks


 BY
 K.RAVICHANDRA NAGARAJU
 07W21A0467
 INTRODUCTION:

 A wireless sensor network is a collection of

wireless sensors covering a small area.

 Every sensor performs independent sensing

processing and transmission of data over wireless
link with minimum power consumption.

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 Why LOW Power……..?
 Limited energy storage capability of sensor nodes.

 Large number of micro sensor in many applications.

 Expected that each sensor node last for a long time

because in most of the cases these networks are used
in remote areas .
 
 Energy consumption is one of the most challenging
aspects of these networks.

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Techniques that result in decreasing the consumed power are related to
different aspects of senor networks

 Hardware of sensor node

 Energy efficient network

 MAC protocol

 Routing protocol

 Topology control

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To design a low power wireless sensor network

 Analyze the power dissipation characteristics of wireless

senor node.

 Wide ranges of choices for each part of the node and

choosing a right device will affect the energy consumption.

 Software of the system, including different layers and

protocols should be designed in a way that lower the
consumption of energy

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 Architecture of sensor node

Node Components:

 Sensor

 Microcontroller

 Transceiver

 Power supply which

is usually a battery.

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Processing device:
 Microcontroller or microprocessor.
computation & decision making device

 Operational modes
Active,ideal,sleep modes p

Changing between modes

 Adaptation of micro controller speed.

 Dynamic voltage scaling

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Communication device:
 RF based communication

 Transceiver
Modulation scheme,data rate,transmit error,duty cycle.

 Modes of operation
Transmit, Receive, Idle, and Sleep modes

 Startup energy

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K.RAVICHANDRA,07W21A0467 9
Power supply device
 Crucial system component

 Battery

 Properties of battery

 Capacity & discharge time

 Other external resources

 Super capacitor

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K.RAVICHANDRA,07W21A0467 11
Sensing device:
 Analog &digital type

 Source of power consumption

Signal sampling
Conversion of signals

 Sampling techniques
Bit resolution
Sampling rate
Spatiotemporal sampling

 Triggered sensing

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 MAC Protocol:
 controls the communication modes and regulates access to the
shared wireless medium satisfying the performance requirements
of the underlying applications

 The major sources of energy waste

Packet collisions
Idle Listening
Overhearing
Overhead

 While designing a MAC protocol, the strategies for reducing the

energy waste comes at the cost of reduced fairness, throughput
and increased delay.
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Routing Protocol:

 To set up paths between sensor nodes and the data

sink to transmit the information by minimizing the
energy required for communication

 Guidelines to design a routing protocol

Avoid bad-quality routes
Avoid forwarding packets
Avoid links with high communication costs

 Data aggregation

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 Partitioning network in to clusters
Shorter transmission range
Small geographical distance
Eliminates redundancy
Energy consumption is distributed equally

 Sensor nodes have limited computing power and therefore

may not be able to run sophisticated network protocols

 so routing protocol must be light-weight and has simple

processing requirements

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Topology control:
 It is the art of coordinating nodes decisions regarding their
transmitting ranges in order to generate a network with the desired
properties

 Techniques used to restrict nodes

Controlling transmission power
Introducing hierarchies in the network
Signalling out some nodes to take over certain coordination tasks
Turning off some nodes for a certain time.

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 It deals with finding the minimum value for
transmitting range

 It also deals with finding routes toward the

Destination

 It has an impact on MAC and routing protocols.

 It can be used to set the transmit power level at the

MAC layer

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Architecture

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 Conclusion:
 Wireless sensor networks have opened the doors to many
applications that require monitoring and control.

 In most of WSN applications, the nodes are hard to reach and it

is impossible to replace their batteries so the nodes must
operate without battery replacement for a long time.

 So designing a low power wireless sensor network will have a

great benefit for most applications in remote areas.

 In order to design a low power network, designers must pay

attention to several parameters like nodes hardware and
network protocols.

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K.RAVICHANDRA,07W21A0467 20
Queries
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