FOUNDATION OF

MIDWIFERY PRACTICE
(M 100)

MARIE BELEN C. TAMAYOR, RN, MAN ©

 COURSE DESCRIPTION
1. The course provides the student with the
basic/ necessary knowledge, skills and
acceptable attitudes in the care of individuals
and families.
2. It includes the beginning concepts of man,
communication, health care process which
teaches the students the basic health care
skills in the care of the client.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
3. It also includes the first aid, emergency
and disaster management, Basic Life
Support (BLS) and drug administration.
4. The course also develops the students basic
skills in the care of individuals and families
in clinical setting. It include assessment,
planning, implementation and evaluation
of patient care.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
5. It specifically includes the application of
skills in comfort, preventive, therapeutic
measures, drug administration and patient
safety practices in the clinical area.
6. The course culminates with the student
having achieved the basic competencies of
value laden health care practitioners.
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the student should be
able to:
1. Acquire necessary knowledge , skills on the
concept of man, communication, and health
care process.
2. Apply appropriate knowledge, skills and
attitude in the implementation first aid,
emergency and disaster management, Basic
life (BLS) and drug administration.
3. Acquire Knowledge, skills and attitude is
necessary for effective patient care
4. Apply appropriate interventions in rendering
care to patients.
5. Utilise health care process in the care of
patients.
6. Acquire Knowledge, skills, and attitude in
instituting midwifery care including drug
administration.
 CHAPTER I
CONCEPT OF MAN AND
HIS NEEDS
DEFINITION
1. Man is a Biopsychosocial and Spiritual
being which is constant interaction with the
environment. (Roy)
a) Biologic Being – Man is like all other
men, this is because men have the same
basic human needs.
b) Psychologic Being – Man is like no other
man, this is because man is a unique,
irreplaceable, one-time being. No two
persons are exactly alike.
c) Social Being – Man is like some other men.
• A group of people have common attributes
that make them different from other
groups.
• Some factors that characterize particular
groups of people are: culture, age, social
status, educational status
d) Spiritual Being – Man is like all other men
since all are spiritual in nature. This is
because all men have the following:
• Intellectual and will
• Endowed with virtues of faith
• Hope
• Charity
2. Man is an Open system is in constant
interaction with a changing environment.
(Roy)
a) Open System – is one that allows input and
output to and from its boundaries, one that
allows exchange of, or is constantly affected
by matter, energy and information.
b) Closed System – Is one that will not allow
inputs and output. It is one that will not
allow exchange of matter, energy and
information.
3. Man is a unified whole composed of
parts which are interdependent and
interrelated with each other. (Rogers)
a) The different organs and organ systems
function together to achieve a
particular purpose.
b) No organ or organ system functions on
it’s own.
4. Man is composed of parts which are
greater than and different from the sum
of all his parts. (Rogers)
a) Man is greater than the sum of all his parts
 For the fact that he is not simply composite
of physiologic body parts.
 He is endowed with intellect, will,
judgment, decision-making ability, talents,
strengths and other numerous enabling
powers.
b) Man is different from the
sum of all his parts.
 Because at times his
responses are
predictable, but at times
unpredictable.
 He is a creature of
contradictions.
 5. Man is composed of Subsystems and
Suprasystems (Roy)
Subsystems and Suprasystem affects man as a
whole.

a) Man’s Subsystems – Are the cells, tissues,

organs, and organ system. When certain
subsystem is affected, the entire body is
affected.
 Pain in the wound on the finger, which
affects the entire body.
b) Man’s
Suprasystem –
are his family,
community and society.
 Man’s family,
community and the
society profoundly
affects him in all
dimensions.
Family - health practices and health care
patterns are developed.
Community – conditions that greatly affects
the man and his family in the community are
as follows:
Sanitation
Supply of potable water
Space
Availability of health facilities
Society – societal condition that likewise
affects man, family and society as a whole
are the following:
Availability of basic health care facilities
and services
Laws that ensure adequate health care
delivery
Political climate that considers health as a
right of every man.
6. Man is an individual with
vital reparative processes to
deal with disease and
wanting health but passive
in terms of influencing the
environment or nurse.
(Nightingale)
7. Man is a whole, 6. Maintain body
complete and temperature
independent being 7. Dress and undress
who has 14 8. Keep clean
fundamental basic
9. Avoid danger
needs. (Henderson)
1. Breath
10. Communicate
2. Eat and drink 11. Worship
3. Eliminate 12. Work
4. Move and maintain 13. Play
posture 14. learn
5. Sleep and rest
8. Man is a unity who can be
viewed as functioning
biologically, symbolically and
who initiates and performs
self-care activities on own
behalf in maintaining life,
health, and well-being
(Orem)
The 4 Major Attributes of Human Being

1. The capacity to think or conceptualize on

the abstract level.
2. Family formation.
3. The tendency to seek and maintain
territory.
4. The ability to use verbal symbols as
language, a means of developing and
maintaining culture.
The Basic Human
Needs
OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE LECTURE
DISCUSSION, THE LEARNERS WILL BE
ABLE TO:
1. Determine Mans basic human needs.
2. Understand Human Sexuality.
3. Identify Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Basic Human Needs
Need
Is anything that is
absolutely essential for
one’s existence.
Are physiologic or
psychologic conditions
that an individual must
meet to achieve a state
of health and well-
being.
Basic Human Needs

Also known as universal needs.

Are those that are necessary for every

person’s survival.
Characteristics of Basic Human
Needs:
1. Needs are universal
2. Needs may be met in different ways
3. Needs may be stimulated by external and
internal factors
4. Priorities may be altered
5. Needs may be deferred
6. Needs are interrelated
I. Physiologic Needs II. Psychological
1. Oxygen Needs
2. Water 1. Self esteem
3. Food 2. Feeling of security
4. Temperature 3. Happiness
(shelter/ clothing) 4. Sadness
5. Activity
6. Sleep
7. Sex
Nursing Actions that promote a sense
of emotional comfort:
1. Treating the client as a unique individual.
2. Protecting the client’s privacy and
confidentiality.
3. Using touch and personal space in a
therapeutic manner.
4. Recognizing and respecting cultural
differences.
5. Decreasing anxiety through stress
management techniques.
Goals for clients experiencing unmet
psychological needs usually revolve
around the following issues:
a. Improve self-esteem
b. Establish trusting relationship
c. Develop social skills
d. Cope with the losses
III. Sociocultural Needs
 The need for others seems as vital to our
health as food and shelter.
 Social connection is correlated with
positive health outcomes.
Examples :
 feeling of belongingness
 Relationship
EMPOWERMENT
• Is a process of enabling others to do for
themselves.
• Consistent of encouraging the client to be
an active participant in treatment rather
than a passive recipient of care.
• We can help empower clients by : teaching
them and their families how to develop
skills for self-care and healthier living.
IV. Intellectual Needs
 Consists of cognitive functioning such as :
Judgment
Orientation
Memory
Ability to take in and process information

Examples:
• Thinking
• Learning
Intellectual functioning can be
impaired by the following
factors
1. Infection
2. Exposure to toxins
3. Substance abuse
4. Trauma
5. Psychological problems
V. Spiritual Needs
Spirituality
a) Is multidimensional that refers to:
 Ones relationship with one’s self
 A sense of connection with others

 A relationship with a higher power or divine

source.
b) It assists a person in determining the sense
of meaning or purpose in one’s life.
c) Not the same as religion.
Health status can have an impact on spiritual
beliefs such as:
a. People with serious illness, many people
turn to religious support.
b. May cause some people to question their
beliefs.
c. Person’s belief system may interfered with
the prescribed medical treatment regimen.
Mental spiritual needs of the
client
1.Comfort
a.Convey a sense of caring
b.Communicate a sense of respect
2.Companionship
a.Spend time with the client
b.Encourage family, significant others
and clergy to visit.
Mental spiritual needs of the client
3. Conversation
a. Listen actively
b. Use concrete terms
c. Be genuine rather than authoritative
d. Be prepared for difficult question (why
me?)
4. Consolation
a. Do not express pity or sympathy
 Providing spiritual care
1. Listen actively. Avoid using clichěs, and take the
clients concerns seriously.
2. Demonstrates an interested, empathetic response
to the client’s comments.
3. Respect the client’s belief.
4. Provide privacy for the client to perform religious
practices or rituals.
5. Make referrals to clergy when appropriate. Ask
permission first to avoid imposing own values on
the client.
VI. Sexual Needs
A. Sexuality
 Is a complex human characteristics that refers
not just to genital sex but to all the aspects of
being a male or female, that includes:
a. Feelings

b. Attitudes

c. Beliefs

d. Behaviors
It also includes:
a. A person’s attitudes
towards relationship
with people of the same
sex.
b. Relationships with
people of the opposite
sex.
c. Touching and being
touched.
 Indicators of sexuality

1. How people dress

2. How people talk
3. How people relate to
others
B. Sex Roles
 Are culturally determined patterns
associated with being male and female.
 It can be developed by the results of:
 Cultural expectations

 Customs

 Norms

 Habits

 Tradition
C. Gender Identity
 Is how an individual view self as male or
female in relationship with others.
 It is how the person decides to express
sexuality in behaviors with feelings.
D. Sexual Orientation
 Described an individual’s preference for
ways of expressing sexual feelings.
 It is a dynamic lifelong process of growth.

 Heterosexual
 Homosexual
 Bisexuality
 Transexuality
Sexual Orientation
1. Heterosexual
Sexual activity between a man and a woman.
2. Homosexual
Sexual activity between two members of the

same sex.
3. Bisexuality
Is having an equal or almost equal preference

for partners of either sex.

4. Transsexuality
The belief that one is psychological of the sex

opposite his or her anatomic gender.

  
Human Sexual Response
PHASES:
1. Excitement
Begins with sexual stimulation.
Characterized by vasoconstriction or
vasocongestion of the genital.
Vaginal lubrication
Penile erection 
2. Plateau 
Characterized by maintenance of sexual arousal
and the building of excitement leading to orgasm
Human Sexual Response

3. Orgasm
A highly pleasurable reflex characterized by
muscle spasms and male ejaculation.

4. Resolution
Characterized by a gradual return to the
excitement phase.
E. Need
 Sexual integrity is an integral part of a
person’s well-being.
 Human needs related to sexuality are:
 Tenderness
 Attachment

 Intimacy
 Caring

 Sensuality
 Procreation
Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Basic Human
Needs
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic
Human Needs
SELF
ACT
UALI
ZATI
ON
SELF ESTEEM

LOVE AND
BELONGINGNESS

SAFETY AND SECURITY

PHYSIOLOGIC
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow ranks basic
human needs according
to what is crucial for
survival.
He avers that physiologic
needs are to be given
highest priority over a
higher-level need.
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Basic Human Needs:
1. Physiologic Needs are as follows:
a. Oxygen e. Elimination
b. Fluids f. Rest and sleep
c. Nutrition g. Sex
d. Body temperature

NOTE: Sex is not necessary for individual survival

but it is necessary for survival of mankind
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Basic Human Needs:
2. Safety and Security
Needs are as follows:
• Physical safety
• Psychological safety
• The need for shelter
and freedom from
harm and danger
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Basic Human Needs:
3. Love and Belongingness Needs are as
follows
• The need to love and be loved.
• The need to care and be cared for
• The need for affection; to associate or to
belong
• The need to establish fruitful and
meaningful relationship with people,
institution, or organization.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic
Human Needs
4. Self- esteem needs are as follows:
• Self-worth
• Self-identity
• Self-respect
• Body image
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic
Human Needs
5. Self-actualization Needs are as follows:
• The need to learn, create and understand
or comprehend.
• The need or harmonious relationships
• The needs for beauty and aesthetics
• The need for spiritual fulfillment
 Maslow’s Characterization of a Self-
actualized Person
1. Is realistic, sees life clearly, and is objective about
his or her observations.
2. Judges people correctly.
3. Has superior perception, is more decisive.
4. Has clear notion to what is right and wrong.
5. Is usually accurate in predicting future events.
6. Understands art, music, politics, and philosophy.
7. Possesses humbleness, listens to others carefully
 Maslow’s Characterization of a Self-
actualized Person
8. Is dedicated to some work, task, duty or
vocation.
9. Is highly creative, flexible, spontaneous,
courageous, and willing to make mistakes.
10. Is open to new ideas.
11. Has low degree of self-conflict, personality is
integrated.
12. Respects self, does not need fame, and possesses
a feeling of self-control.
Maslow’s Characterization of a Self-
actualized Person
13. Is highly independent, desires privacy.
14. Can appear remote and detached.
15. Is friendly, loving, and governed more by inner
directives than by society.
16. Can make decisions contrary to popular opinion.
17. Is problem-centered rather than self-centered.
18. Accepts the world as it is.
BASIC RIGHTS OF MAN
Each Person Has:
1. Right to slow down and take time to think.
2. Right to change his/ her mind.
3. Right to ask for what he/ she wants.
4. Right to ask for information.
5. Right to make mistakes.
6. Right to make choices and accept
the consequences of those choices.
7. Right to own and express his/ her
own feelings.
8. Right to ask for help
9. Right to maintain a separate self
that is independent of the
expectations, the approval, or the
influence of others.
A self-actualized person is
basically a mentally healthy
person.
 On the other whole, self-
actualization is the essence of
mental health.
END OF CHAPTER 1