Babylonian numeration system

-uses only two numerals or symbols, a one and a

ten to represent numbers and they looked this
these :

-
-
Example

5 is written as shown:

12 is written as shown:
45 is written as shown:
the Babylonian System was a positional, base-60 (sexagesimal)
system. Notice that for numbers 1 through 59, the system is
repetitive, that is, the system was an additive system..
Babylonian numerals
For number bigger than 59, the babylonian
used a place value system with a base of 60
62 is written as shown:

Notice this time the use of a big space to

separate the space value
• Although the Babylonian numeration system
was developed around the same time as the
Egyptian system, the Babylonian System was
more sophisticated in that the idea of place
value was used, where symbols represented
different values depending on the place in
which they were written.
 Example
Write as a Hindu-Arabic numeral.

Solution:
From left to right the place values are 602, 601, and 1.

 1  1  60 2  ( 10  1 )  60 1  ( 10  10  1  1 ) Represent the numeral in each place as

1 Hindu-Arabic
a familiar numeral.

  2  60 2   11  60 1    22  1
  2  3600    11  60    22  1 Multiply each Hindu-Arabic numeral by
 7200  660  22 its respective place value.

 7882
Find the sum of these products.
 The Mayan Numeration System

The Mayan Numeration System was a

base-20 system (vigesimal) that used
only three symbols comprising a system
of shells, bars and dots in a vertical
place value system. A dot represented
one, a bar represented five and a shell
represented zero. The chart below
shows the first complete cycle of Mayan
numbers.
 Mayan numeration system

The Mayan numeration system uses 3

basic numerals to represent any
possible number:
a dot for one,
a horizontal bar for 5,
and a conch shell for zero.
They used the 3 symbols above to represent the numbers from 0 through 19 as shown below:
this system has two significant differences
from the system we use :
 the place values are arranged vertically, and
 they use a base 20, or vigesimal, system.
• the Mayans only used 20 symbols for the
numbers from 0 to 19 just as we only use 10
symbols for 0 to 9. A base 20 system would
have place values like this: 1, 201, 202, 203, etc.
• However, the Mayans had one deviation from
base 20. Their place values were:
1, 20, 20∙18, 202∙18, 203∙18 etc.
For number bigger than 19, a number is written in a vertical
position so that it becomes a vertical place value system

Initially, the base used in the Mayan numeration system was

base 20 and their place values were 1, 20, 202,203, ...

Then, they changed their place values to 1, 20, 20 × 18, 202 ×

18, 203× 18, ...

Using the base 20, 1, 20, 202,203, ..., we can write 20 as

follows :

In the ones place we have 0 and in the twenties place we have

1, so the number is 0 × 1 + 1 × 20 = 0 + 20 = 20
we can write 100 as follows :

0 × 1 + 5 × 20 = 0 + 20 = 100

How to represent 2007 ?

 2
5 × 20 + 0 × 20 + 7 = 5 × 400 + 0 + 7
= 2000 + 7 = 2007
How do we know which number is in what place
value?. This is complicated part in the Mayan
numeration system

Starting from the bottom, a place value must have a

number from the list above(1-19)

What is this?
Separate according to numbers that are the list above from
1 through 19

= 14 + (7 × 20) + (1 × 202 )+ (3 × 20 3 )+ (0 × 20 4 )+ (15 × 20 5 )+

(5 × 20 6 )
= 14 + 140 + 1 × 400 + 3 × 8,000 + 0 + 15 × 3,200,000 + 5×
64,000,000
= 14 + 140 + 400 + 24,000 + 0 + 48,000,000 + 320,000,000
= 368024554
With the base 1, 20, 20 × 18, 202 × 18, 203× 18, ... computation is
done the exact same way!

Group as shown below:

The number is (11 × 1) + (1 × 20) + (10 × 20 × 18) = 11 + 20 +

3600 = 3631
= 11(2,880,000) = 31,680,000

= 0∙144,000 = 0

= 14∙7200 = 100,800

= 0∙360 = 0

=17∙20 = 340

=8
• The number written in Mayan
shorthand would be: 11.0.14.0.17.8
where each number between the
periods is the number for the place
value.
 There are two advantages when using this
system for expressing numbers,

 large numbers can be easily

expressed – thus, long time
periods can be recorded; and

 simple arithmetic can be easily

accomplished by the users.
 Write as a Hindu-Arabic numeral.

Solution:
The given Mayan numeral has four places. From top to
bottom, the place values are 7200, 360, 20, and 1.
Begin by representing the numeral in each row as a familiar
Hindu-Arabic numeral as shown.

Multiply each Hindu-

Arabic numeral by its
respective place value.

Find the sum of these

products.
• ..\jenis tulisan\mayan.docx
 The Hindu-Arabic Numeration System
 
 The Hindu-Arabic numeration system is used
today. It has this name because both Hindus
and Arabs contributed to the system.

 An important characteristic of this system is

that we can write the numeral for any number,
whether large or small, using only ten symbols
called digits , namely,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 The Hindu-Arabic Numeration System

• The word, digit literally means “finger” or

“toe”. Thus, ten digits were probably selected
because we have 10 digits on our two hands
or on our two feet.
• As only ten basic symbols are used, the Hindu-
Arabic numeration system is also called the
decimal numeration system, from the Latin
word decem, meaning “ten”.
 the Hindu-Arabic system is a base ten system.

 Hindu-Arabic numerals can be written in expanded

form, For example, we can write 663 in an expanded
form such that:
663 = (6 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (3 x 1)
= (6 x 102) + (6 x 101) + (3 x 1)

 The Hindu Arabic numeration system is a positional-

value, or place-value system. The positional values in
the system are based in the powers of ten, as shown:
…, 105, 104, 103, 102, 101, 10
 Write 3407 in expanded form.

Solution:
• 3407 = (3 x 103) + (4 x 102) + (0 x 101) + (7 x 1)

= (3 x 1000) + (4 x 100) + (0 x 10) + (7 x 1)

 Express the expanded form as a Hindu-Arabic numeral: (7 x 10 3) + (5 x
101) + (4 x 1).

Solution:
We start by showing all powers of ten, beginning
with the highest exponent given.

(7 x 103) + (5 x 101) + (4 x 1)
= (7 x 103) + (0 x 102) + (5 x 101) + (4 x 1)
= 7054