Heat and Mass Transfer

Lecture 1-2
Introdcution HMT
Modes of heat transfer
 Thermodynamics and heat transfer

• The amount of heat transfer as a system

undergoes a process from one equilibrium
state to another, and makes no reference
to how long the process will take.
• Heat, can be transferred from one system
to another as a result of temperature
difference. The science that deals with the
determination of the rates of such energy
transfers is heat transfer.
• In the nineteenth century we had a true physical understanding of the
nature of heat, due to the development of the kinetic theory, which
treats molecules as tiny balls that are in motion and thus possess
kinetic energy.

So, Heat is then defined as

the energy associated with
the random motion of atoms
and molecules.
 HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal,
mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the
total energy E
• The forms of energy related to the molecular
structure of a system and the degree of the molecular
activity are referred to as the microscopic energy. The
sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the
internal energy of a system, and is denoted by U
Latent heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases,
and solids. Sensible heat is related to changes in temperature of a
gas or object with no change in phase.
Entropy, the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is
unavailable for doing useful work. 

Enthalpy, the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume
of a thermodynamic system. H = E + PV.

Enthalpy is a measure of heat content of the system, whereas entropy is the measure of
change in (enthalpy/temperature).

To understand why entropy is defined, consider these two cases:

Case 1: An object is kept at room temperature, i.e. 298K, and its temperature is
increased to 398K by addition of heat.

Case 2: There is an object at 1000K and the temperature is increased to 1100K.

In both cases, heat addition will almost be same, and so will be the enthalpy change.
But in first case there is a change of 33% and in second one, just 10%. So we require
another term, which is entropy.
 Energy Transfer

An energy interaction is heat transfer if its driving force is

a temperature difference Otherwise, it is work.
• In daily life, we frequently refer to the sensible and
latent forms of internal energy as heat,
• In thermodynamics, however, those forms of energy are
usually referred to as thermal energy to prevent any
confusion with heat transfer.
The term heat and the associated phrases such as heat flow, heat addition, heat
rejection, heat absorption, heat gain, heat loss, heat storage, heat generation,
electrical heating, latent heat, body heat, and heat source
So we refer to the thermal energy as heat and the transfer of thermal energy as
heat transfer. The amount of heat transferred during the process is denoted by Q.
The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called heat transfer rate, and is
denoted by Q= mcpdt, q= Q/t, Q’= Q/A
Solve EXAMPLE 1–1
 Conservation Of Energy
Principle- FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system in which
the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body or system, and some
macroscopic variables of the body or system, but leaves unchanged certain other
macroscopic variables of the body or system, such as volume or pressure.

M= vol x density
Vol=Q
Q=Area x Velocity

M= density x area x velocity

 Energy Balance for Closed Systems

The energy balance relation in that case

When the system involves heat transfer only and no work

interactions across its boundary, the energy balance relation further
reduces to

Surface Energy Balance

A surface contains no volume or mass, and thus no energy. Therefore,
a surface can be viewed as a fictitious system whose energy content
remains constant during a process (just like a steady-state or steady-
flow system). Then the energy balance for a surface can be expressed
as

This relation is valid for both steady and transient conditions, and the
surface energy balance does not involve heat generation since a
surface does not have a volume.

Solve examples 1-2, 4

HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
 CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.
 Thermal conductivity and diffusivity
Thermal conductivity is a thermo-physical measure of how much heat is transferred
through a material by the conductive flow i.e. how well a material conducts heat,
• Cp 4.18 kJ/kg · °C for water and Cp 0.45 kJ/kg · °C for iron at room temperature, which
indicates that water can store almost 10 times the energy that iron can per unit mass.
• Likewise, the thermal conductivity k is a measure of a material’s ability to conduct
heat. For example, k 0.608 W/m · °C for water and k 80.2 W/m · °C for iron at room
temperature, which indicates that iron conducts heat more than 100 times faster than
water can.

Thermal Diffusivity
The product Cp, which is frequently encountered in heat transfer analysis, is called the heat
capacity of a material. Both the specific heat Cp and the heat capacity Cp represent the heat
storage capability of a material. But Cp expresses it per unit mass whereas Cp expresses it per
unit volume,
Another material property that appears in the transient heat
conduction analysis is the thermal diffusivity, which represents how
fast heat diffuses through a material and is defined as
Thermal diffusivity corresponds to the unsteady state of heat transfer. Its shows how well the
heat could diffuse through the material. While the thermal conductivity is commonly used in
steady state heat transfer analysis; 
A material with high diffusivity such as silver will attain thermal equilibrium faster than materials with low
thermal diffusivity.