Dengan nama Allah yang maha pemurah lagi

maha penyayang..
Ya Tuhanku, lapangkanlah dadaku dalam
menjalankan tugasku, bukalah simpulan
lidahku supaya muridku memahami setiap
perkataanku.

1
AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
Air conditioning is the treatment of the air to:

Control temperature Provide ventilation or air movement

Control Humidity Clean the air

An air conditioner is an  appliance, system,

or mechanism designed to extract heat from an area using a
refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of
heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as “HVAC".

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Other definition……

• Air conditioning is the process to control and maintenance

the air in space or enclosed areas. Mechanical treatments
performed on the temperature, humidity, air renewal,
cleanliness and distribution of air to achieve the
requirements and functions of an item.

• Air Conditioning is the process of treating air in an internal

environment to establish and maintain requirement
standards of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and motion.

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  Basic principles are based on mass characteristic
with temperature, heat and pressure

ASHRAE STANDARD
definition:
“Is the treatment of air in enclosed
space to control and to maintain
temperature, heat and pressure
together”

 Air conditioning is the process whereby the condition of air,

as defines by its temperature an moisture content, is changed.

 Other factors must also be taken into account especially

cleanliness; odor; velocity & distribution pattern.
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The uses of air-cond

• Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices,

malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.
• High-rise residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment
blocks Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired
• Institutional buildings, which includes government buildings, hospitals,
schools, etc.
• Low-rise residential buildings, including single-family houses, duplexes,
and small apartment buildings
• Sports stadiums: recently, stadiums have been built with air conditioning
• Chemical and biological laboratories
Process application needs for air-
cond:
• Clean rooms for the production of integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals etc
- high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are
required for the success of the process.
• Environmental control of data centers
• Facilities for breeding laboratory animals.
• Food cooking and processing areas
• Hospital operating theatres , in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce
infection risk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration.
• Industrial environments
• Nuclear power facilities
• Physical testing facilities
• Plants and farm growing areas
• Textiles manufacturing
Design consideration:
• Position of the building.
• Uses of the building
• Building design - architectural features such as size of building, high-rise
building, ceiling level height.
• Building materials - floor, walls, windows, roofs etc..
• Number of occupants / users
• Electrical equipment - lights, computers and other devices that produce
heat.
• Ventilation - whether to continue the removal of air from the chamber.
• Surroundings - adjacent buildings, such as building height and direction.
Temperature and humidity around the area.
In designing air-cond:
• The optimum temperature for the satisfaction of human
comfort as far as possible must reach the desired level. The
ideal temperature is 22C to 27C
• Relative humidity must be effective between 40% to 60%. (If
relatively high, this would be a situation humidity / wet in the
building).
• Air movement in a particular area must not exceed 12 meters
/ minute.
• Supply of clean air must be sufficient to avoid the smell of the
human body from extreme and also ensure cleanliness.
• Noise from equipment and ducts should be avoided.
 Refrigerent Cycle & Components in Air-
Cond

• The basic air-conditioning cycle is a cycle that shows how

the refrigerant flows into the four main components in air
conditioning :
1. Compressor (Pemampat) (Compressor)
2. Condensor (Pemeluwap) (Condenser)
3. Caplilary tube/Expansion valve (Tiub kapilari/ Injap Pengembangan)
4. Evaporator (Penyejat)
Compressor
• The compressor is the 'heart' of the air conditioning system, moving
refrigerant through the system
• Compressor is used for compression of the refrigerant to a high pressure
gas.
• The compressor puts the air conditioning refrigerant under extremely
high pressure
• At the compressor, the low pressure gas is changed to high pressure
gas.
Condenser
• A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a refrigerant from its
gaseous to its liquid state , typically by cooling it.
• There will be a motorized fan to cools down the hot process due to the
heat generated from gas to liquid conversion process.
• These condenser units are located on the outside of the building they
are trying to cool, with tubing between the unit and building, one for
vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the
unit
Capilarry tube/Expansion valve
• A component that controls the amount of refrigerant flow
into the evaporator
• expansion valves are often referred as "metering devices".
• These components are used to control the flow rate of
refrigerant in the cooling cycle.
• The refrigerant in the high pressure liquid through the
metering device-be lowering the pressure in the liquid.
Evaporator

• The components used in air conditioning to heat absorption

and produce cold air in space.
• Refrigerant in low pressure liquid then will turns to low
pressure gas in cooling coil and spread to the rooms by
using blower/motorized fan.
• The heat from the space to be absorbed.
• Cold air will be supplied to the space.
 Refrigerent Cycle

Capillary Tube

Cooled air

Hot air Condenser Evaporator Rooms

Compressor
 Component Process
Compressor Refrigerant being compressed to become high
pressure gas

Condensor High-pressure gas is slowly turning into a high-

pressure fluid through condensing process.

Caplillary Tube The refrigerant in the high pressure liquid through

the metering device-be lowering the pressure in
the liquid.

Evaporator Refrigerant in low pressure liquid then will turns to

low pressure gas in cooling coil and spread to the
rooms
• Performance requirements
On comfort, noise, control options, flexibility and meeting requirements
of local regulations/codes
• Capacity requirements
Range of capacity, multiple units, zoning, etc.
• Spatial requirement
Plant room space, space for ducting and piping (vertical shafts),
space for terminal equipment
• Costs
Initial cost, operating cost and maintenance cost
• Energy consumption
For both economic and environment reasons
• System qualities
Aesthetics, life, reliability and maintainability

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• BTUs: The cooling capacity of an air conditioner is measured in
British thermal units per hour (Btu/hr). To find the best BTUs needed
to cool your room, multiply the square footage of the space by 10
and then add 4,000.
• Energy Star rating: The Environmental Protection Agency's 
Energy Star ratings indicate that an appliance is at least 10 percent
more energy-efficient than the minimum federal standards.
• EER: A room air conditioner's EER, or Energy-Efficiency Ratio, is the
ratio of the cooling output divided by the unit's power consumption.
The higher the EER, the more efficient the model.
• Anti-Microbial filter: Most room air conditioners come with reusable
electrostatic filters, which may be treated with antibacterial and
antifungal agent. If purchasing a unit with an antimicrobial filter, ask
the retailer to replace it with an untreated electrostatic filter.
 TYPES OF A/C

AC sytem

Water and air cooling

Unit System Window Unit Air cooling

Package Unit

Water cooling

Split unit Split unit without

outdoor air

Centralized system
Split unit with outdoor
air
Plant system

Air Handling unit

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Window Unit
• Suitable for rooms or have constituted part of the exterior wall.
• The unit is mounted on a wall or a window in the room to be cooled.
• This unit is in one unit and divided into two parts, namely the
condenser (outside the room) and the evaporator (located in the room)
Window Unit
• In a window unit will also contain a hot coil on the outside part and the
cooling coil on inside part
Motorized fan works on condenser area to reducing the heat and
blows the cool air (in the evaporator) to the room which is to be
cooled.
Advantages:

• A separate air-conditioning unit : suitable for rooms or

spaces that not fully utilize.
• Temperature can be controlled separately.
• Low in installation cost : piping and ducting works is not
needed
• Simple installation : piping and ducting works is not needed
Disadvantages:

• Require certain space in a window or external wall

• The quantity of air is usually set by the manufacturer:
productivity is lower than split unit.
• Often these units installed on walls, walls sometimes had to
be broken
• In case of damage, it is difficult to lower the individual unit.
• Noises came from the air conditioning unit
Split unit
• Split unit is the type air conditioning system that separate
between the cooling unit and the condenser
• It divided into 2 units which is indoor unit consists of an
evaporator, cooling coil and evaporator fan/blower.
• The outdoor unit consists of a condenser , compressor,
condenser fan and other add-ons.
• 3 types of split unit:
- Wall mounted
- Floor mounted
- Ceiling mounted
•
Become Popular Choice:
• Installation easier and faster.
• No need to punch a wall or window for the installation, just drill a hole
diameter of 5cm to 6cm.
• Units produce no noise during operation.

• Position unit and outdoor unit can be modified according to customer

needs.

• The rate of cooling and heat absorption is higher than window units.

• The concept favored as a means of comfort, quiet and good heat

absorption.
Multi Split Unit
• Same as split unit but used to cool more than one room.
• Having an single outdoor unit and more than 1 indoor units
• Commonly indoor unit limited to 4 units.
• Indoor unit in use can choose from the three designs which
may suit the user.
• This multi split unit normally used in the home or office
that has a lot of room to be cooled located adjacently.
• Multiple separate units have some advantages even though
the price is much higher. In addition it is more profitable for
a long time
Advantages :
• One outdoor unit can be used for two, three or four
outdoor units.
• Self controlling over various indoor unit.
• Lower electric power consumption when compared to
numbers of split unit
• Low cost in long term usage as major maintenance
works is only needed for one outdoor unit.
Disadvantages:

• Piping works from outdoor unit must be connected to

two, three or four indoor units.
• Installation cost is higher due to piping and ducting
works
• Limited to 4 indoor unit.
• Need many add-ons devices such as sub-cumulator,
solenoid valves, low pressure regulator – that can o
increase system capabilities and safety measure
Package Unit
Package Unit
• A complete system air conditioning system come in one box
• This one package box will be located entirely outside the building on
the ground or roof top
• Requires piping and ducting to the rooms or building that needs to be
cooled.
• Suitable system to cooled the whole medium size residential building
or office.
Package Unit

Two method of cooling:

• Air Cooled
• Water Cooled
Central Unit – Sistem Pusat
Centralized Unit

• Used for cool the air throughout the whole building.

• The equipment is larger and capable of cooling a space.
• Requires main ducting which lead from the resultant cold air
conditioning plants into the spaces.
• Ducting usually mounted in the ceiling.
• 2 methods of cooling:
       - Air cooled
       - Water cooled
Air Cooled method

• Blower , evaporator & compressor located in a package in

the rooms of the building
• The condensing unit is placed outdoors
• Using ambient air to cool the condenser tool
• Not suitable in use in the hot temperature climates such as
Malaysia.
Water cooled method
• Ideal for large commercial buildings & building
• Capacities ranging from 2.5 - 50 tons
• Blowers , condenser & compressor located as a packages in one room
in the building
• Cooling tower that works same as condenser placed outside the
building.
Air Handling Unit

• The AHU is a box like equipment which includes a cooling

coil and a fan.
• Some of the air handling units also includes air filters
• It function same alike evaporator but in large scale
• AHU normally located close with the room/ spaces which
need to be cooled.
• Usually located on each floor of the building. filters
Functions AHU

• To absorb air from the rooms and pass it through cold water cooling
coils and then let the chilled air back to the rooms.

Element in AHU
• Filters : fitted in most of the AHU which help to filter the impure air
• Blower : helps to recycle the air present in the buildings. Large buildings
with AHU have multiple blowers and fans to condition the air.
• Humidifiers : to keep the atmosphere moist. Excessive heating and
cooling can lead to dry atmosphere which can lead to health issues.
• Vibration isolator and sound attenuators
Cooling Tower

• Cooling tower is used to dispose of ("reject") unwanted heat

from a chiller.
• Heat transfer method :
- Dry cooling towers
- Wet cooling towers or open circuit cooling towers
- Fluid coolers or closed circuit cooling towers
Categorization by air-to-water flow
Chiller

• Machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or

absorption refrigeration cycle.
• This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or
equipment as required.
• Chilled water distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in AHU or other
type of terminal devices which cool the air in its respective space(s), and
then the water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again.
Product of environmental friendly air conditioner
1. Size Matters
An under-sized air conditioner not only won’t keep the home cool but will keep
trying, wasting electricity and running up the household’s energy bills.
A too-small unit won’t be able to balance the air cooled in the unit’s condenser
with the humid, expended air that the evaporator draws out from the home.
 
2. Two-Stage Compressors
It’s the compressors of an air conditioning unit that typically uses the most
electricity.
Compressors have to work hard to squeeze out the heated vapors so that the
refrigerant returns to its cooled state. Two-stage compressors automatically
compress less on cool days and more when it’s hot, saving energy.
 
3. Customized Matched Systems
Some eco-friendly air conditioners achieve optimum energy efficiency by using
one source of energy for cooling and another for heating.

63
Product of environmental friendly air
conditioner
4. Geothermal Heat Pumps
Geothermal heat pumps use the earth as a heat sink, capitalizing on the natural
flow of heat from a warm area to a cool one. They can be up to 40 percent more
efficient at cooling a home than conventional air conditioners.
While pricey to install, geothermal heat pumps recoup their upfront costs through
savings on monthly energy bills.
 
5. Programmable Thermostats
Installing a programmable thermostat is one of the most affordable ways to green
up an air conditioning system.
Homeowners can program the thermostat to remain off when no one is at home
and to automatically turn on and cool the home for the household’s return.
 
6. Regular Maintenance
HVAC professionals should inspect and service air conditioning units at least once
each year. Maintenance includes testing refrigerant pressure, accessing the unit’s
air flow and checking for leaks.
Product of environmental friendly air
conditioner
7. Replacing Air Conditioners
Numbers of heating and cooling systems in Malaysia were installed
more than ten years ago. These systems operate well below the
environmental and energy efficiency standards that are in place today.
Sometimes the best option is to replace existing units with green air
conditioners.
Effect of air conditioning gases to global warming
• First, it used a refrigerant that harms the ozone layer.
• Prior to 2010, most air conditioning units installed used a refrigerant called
R-22, or Freon. The problem with R-22 is that it’s a hydro-chlorofluorocarbon
(HCFC). HCFCs have been identified as the chemicals most responsible for
damaging the ozone layer, a layer high up in the earth’s atmosphere that
shields us from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
• Because of this damage, the US government banned the installation of new
units using R-22 as of 2010.
• Today, new air conditioning units use R-410A, or Puron, which is a different
type of chemical that’s safe for the ozone layer. Thanks to this change, new
air conditioning systems today are significantly safer for the environment
than those built before 2010.
• Second, it uses electricity, which is often produced in
environmentally harmful ways such as burning fossil fuels.
• Ultimately, as a general rule, the new air conditioning systems produced
today are significantly safer for the environment than systems produced ten
years ago or more due to changes in refrigerant and improvements in energy
efficiency.
Draw and explain a suitable a/c system for
residential house below

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THE END