Contamiannts commonly found in marine

food chain and export market in pakisatan

Group # 06
Group memebers:
Ayesha Razzaq FA18-FSN-004
Ghina Imtiaz FA18-FSN-011
Kanza Imran FA18-FSN-016
Maryum Abdul Basit FA18-FSN-022
Mehwish FA18-FSN-038
Presented to: Mam Ayesha Ihsan 1
 Contents

1. Introduction
2. Contaminants
 Heavy metals
 Organic pollutants
3. Seafood export in pakistan
 Production of seafood
 Prices
 Exports
 Countrywise export
 Challenges
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 Introduction
 The term seafood gnerally covers a hytrogeneous group of
aquatic organisms both from the marine environment and
also freshwater
 Contamianats in seawater due to different reasons
 Contaminants can be natural substances and artificially
producesd compounds such as
 Heavy metals
 Presistent Organic pollutants

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 Introduction
 Metallic elements from natural sources and anthropogenic
sources are enviornmentally ubiquitous
 Heavy metals include:
 Lead
 Mercury
 Cadmium
 Arsenic
 Non essential metals are more dangerous

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 Introduction
 Presistant organic pollutants are chemicals of global concern
 Presistance organic pollutants commonly found in marine
envirnment:
1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2. Organochlorine chemicals
3. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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 Introduction
 Gneral health effects of presistent organic pollutants

Health effects

Disrupt nervous
system

Behavioral Disrupt
problesm immune system

Diabetes Cancer

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 Introduction
 The three main componenets of seafood in the country:
 Aquaculture (Fish ponds, Punjab, Sindh, KPK )
 Fresh water farming
 Marine fishing
 Exporting high priced fish to the middle east has made local
prices of fish unaffordable to the common man

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 Introduction
 The overall production of seafood in pakistan is 729,000 ton
of which 136,360 ton were exported in 2012-2013 whereas
rest of it consumed locally
 The export of seafood food contain many products
 Countrywise export of seafood also varry according to
products of seafood
 Some challenges facing seafood export from pakistan

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 Contaminants
 Contaminants can be natural substances or artificially
produced compounds.
 On being discharged into the sea, they stay in the water in
dissolved form or they are removed from the water column
through sedimentation to the bottom sediments
 They can be divided into two general kinds:
1. Heavy metals
2. Organic pollutants

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 Heavy metals
 Metallic elements from natural and anthropogenic sources are
environmentally ubiquitous
 Studies have shown that the accumulation of heavy metals in tissues
is primarily dependent on the
1. needs
2. gender
3. size
4. molt of marine animals
5. water concentrations of metals and
6. the exposure period
 Nonessential metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, and mercury) are held to be
the most dangerous
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 Heavy metals
1. Mercury
 Released into the environment from both natural and
anthropogenic sources
 Under certain conditions, bacteria convert metallic or
elemental forms of mercury into methylmercury
 Methylmercury can be adsorbed in particles or from the water
by small creatures which are then consumed by predators
including fish.
 Among fish, benthic and predatory pelagic species accumulate
this form of mercury
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 Heavy metals
2. Cadmium
 Cadmium occurs naturally in the environment as a result of
volcanic emissions and weathering of rocks
 In addition, anthropogenic sources have increased the
background levels of cadmium in soil, water, and living
organism
 Cadmium is known to enhance lipid peroxidation by increasing
the production of free radicals, which leads to tissue damage and
cellular death

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 Heavy metals
3. Lead
 Lead is one of the most ubiquitous and useful metals known to
humans
 Environmental levels of lead have increased more than 1000-
fold over the past three centuries
 It reaches the aquatic system due to superficial soil erosion and
atmospheric deposition
 In adults, lead-associated neurotoxicity was found to affect
central information processing

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 Heavy metals
4. Arsenic
 Arsenic is the 20th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust
 Arsenic is also mobilized naturally through volcanic, geothermal,
and microbiological processes, and by weathering of crustal rocks
 In marine animals, the predominant form of arsenic is
arsenobetaine, a trimethylated pentavalent compound
 About 90% of the arsenic in human diet comes from seafood
 The chronic ingestion of arsenic (mainly through water or food) can
cause a series of severe health disorders, from skin lesions to
neuropathology, reproductive effects, and various kinds of cancers

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 Persistent organic pollutants
1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2. Organochlorine Chemicals
a. Chlorinated Insecticides
b. Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzodioxins, and Dibenzofurans

3. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

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 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
 Constitute a large class of organic compounds
 Formed or released during incomplete combustion
 100 PAHs identified
 rates (Livingstone, 1994).
 Exposure of humans to single PAHs

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Side effects of PAH

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 Organochlorine Chemicals
 Widely used as pesticides
 High concentrations in top-level predators
 Fishery products at risk of contamination
 Health effects
 Hormone related conditions (infertility)

 Cancer of male and female reproductive system

 Neurotoxicity

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 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

 Used as flame retardants

 Effect brain development
 Sources of PBDE exposure
 Fish and other seafood

 Fish oil

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 Seafood Production in Pakistan
 Aquaculture, fresh water farming and marine fishing are the
main components of seafood in the country.

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 Seafood Exports from Pakistan
Years Quantity exported Exported value (million US$)

2007-08 131.23 217.6

2008-09 127.88 233.7

2009-10 108.68 226.6

2010-11 130.79 296.6

2011-12 131.62 315.5

2012-13 136.36 333.1

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 Quantity and value of seafood export
products during 2012-13
Seafood product Quantity (t) Values (US$ million)

Fish, fresh, whole 8.35 21.36

Fish, frozen, whole 87.96 179.63

Fish, cured or smoked and fish 8.92 12.98

meal

Crustaceans 21.06 101.04

Others 10.06 18.12

Total 136.36 333.13

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 Seafood Prices
 Market price during 2012-13
Fish type Prices

Ribbon Fish Rs.250 per kg

Red Snapper Rs.500 per kg

Pomfret Rs.1500 per kg

Red Sea Bream Rs.80 per kg

Tongue Sole Rs.300 per kg

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 Economic Survey of Pakistan
 Total fish catch during 2013-2014 increased slightly
 The volume of fish exports during 2013-2014 was 140,000-
150,000 tonnes due to reopening of EU market and high demand
of Pakistani fish
Total fish catch 725,000 tonnes-730,000 tonnes

Fish exported More than 100,400 tonnes

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 Country wise export of seafood
Frresh fish export:
 The overall export of whole fish fresh have increased from
4.71 thousand tonnes in 2010-11 to 8.35 thousand tonnes in
2012-2013.
 UAE was the major importer of fresh fish whole from
Pakistan followed by Kuwait, Thailand, Saudia arabia ,
Malaysia and many other countries during 2012-2013.

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 Continue…
Frozen fish export:
 The major export of frozen fish whole from pakistan has
increased from 81.90 thousand tonnes in 2010-11 to 87.96
thousand tonnes In 2012-2013.
 Vietnam, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, UAE, Korea,
Kuwait and Bangladesh are the major importers of fish frozen
whole from Pakistan during 2012-13.

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Continue…
Fish cured and fish meal export:
 The overall export of fish cured and fish meal have
increased from 5.39 thousand tonnes in 2010-11 to 8.92
thousand tonnes in 2012-2013.
 China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Egypt are the
major importers of fiah cured and fish meal from
Pakistan during 2012-13.

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 Continue…
Crustaceans export:
 The major export of crustaceans has increased from 18.53
thousand tonnes in 2010-11 to 21.06 thousand tonnes in
2012-13.
 UAE, China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Korea,
Thailand, Kuwait, Hong kong, Malaysia ans other countries
were major importers of crustaceans fish product from
Pakistan during 2012-13.

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 Challenges facing the seafood export from
Pakistan
 Decline in seafood resources
 Lack of shrimp culture
 Inadequate facilities in fish markets
 Lack of sustainable fishing policies
 Low export prices

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 References
 Yu, L., Wang, s., b. (2014). Food safety chemistry: Toxicant
occurrence, analysis and mitigation. CRC Press
 Sharif, M., Niazi, M.A., & Jabbar, A. (2014). SEAFOOD
EXPORTS: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD.
Pakistan journal of Agriculture Reseaech, 27 (4).

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