COMMENT YOUR QUESTIONS ON THE CHAT SECTION OF

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CLASSMATES
 POST LAB
DISCUSSIONS
MODULE 2UNIT3 –MODULE 3
HOW STRONG IS
YOUR
CHOCOLATE?

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CHOCOLATES

RHEOLOGY
• The science that deals with flow of fluids and deformation of solids
• Plays an important role in chocolate manufacturing
• Properties of liquid properties and fats is used for quality control
FLEXURAL STRESS
• 
• W-width
• T-thickness
• P-load
• L-length
FLEXURAL STRESS
• a.k.a Modulus of Rupture
• Stress in the material just before it ruptures

• Chocolate property that influences the costumer unconsciously

FLEXURAL STRESS

• 
• 1- DARK CHOCOLATE
• 2- PLAIN CHOCOLATE
• 3- MILK CHOCOLATE
BREAKING

• 
1. BREAKING IN THE MIDDLE
2. BREAKING COMPLETELY
HALF-LIVES
HALF-LIFE
•  time required for HALF of the atomic nuclei of a RADIOACTIVE sample
to DECAY

• Represented as t1/2

Or simply
HALF-LIFE
•  A radioactive isotope has a decay constant of 0.3347/s. Determine its
half-life.
Solution:
 HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  SOLVING FOR k GIVEN THE t1/2
Rearranging the given formula:
We get
• A radioactive substance has left for 2 hours and was found out that its mass
was reduced into half. What is the decay constant?
Sol’n: It took 2 hours for the mass to be reduced into half, meaning

k=0.3466/hr
HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  SOLVING FOR HALF-LIFE GIVEN AN INITIAL AMOUNT AND AN
AMOUNT AT TIME t

Step 1: solve for the decay constant

Step 2: Substitute k in the formula for half-life

 HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  After 24.0 days, 2.00 milligrams of an original 128.0 milligram sample
remain. What is the half-life of the sample? Given:
Solution: t=24 days
No=128.0mg
Nt=2.00mg
Step 1:

Step 2:
HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  SOLVING FOR TIME t GIVEN THE INITIAL AMOUNT, THE REMAINING
AMOUNT AND THE HALF LIFE

- Just reverse the process of the previous problem

1. Determine k using t1/2
2. Solve for t using the equation:
HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  SOLVING FOR THE AMOUNT REMAINING AT TIME t GIVEN THE HALF-
LIFE AND AN INITIAL AMOUNT

- Same procedure as the previous case

1. Determine k using t1/2
2. Solve for the remaining amount using the formula
HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
• 
HALF LIFE FORMULA VARIATION
•  A radioactive isotope decayed to 17/32 of its original mass
after 60 minutes. Find the half-life of this radioisotope.
Solution:
Given:
Nt/No = 17/32
Step 1: t = 60 minutes

Step 2:
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
• FREE NON-COMPOUNDED OXYGEN IN WATER OR ANY
LIQUID

• (IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE): REFLECTS THE ABILITY

OF THE BODIES OF WATER TO SUSTAIN THE DIFFERENT
LIFE FORMS THRIVING IN IT.

• (STILL IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE): ONE OF THE

 MOLARITY VS NORMALITY

MOLARITY NORMALITY
- Moles of REACTIVE SPECIES per liters of
- Moles of SOLUTE per liter of solution solution
- Equivalents per liter of solution

- Describes the equivalent moles of reactants involved

- Expresses concentration in labeling reagents
in chemical reactions

Unit: Moles/L = Molar, M Unit: equivalents/Liter = Normal, N

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
NORMALITY FACTOR
A. ACIDS:
NORMALITY FACTOR = NUMBER OF REPLACEABLE HYDROGEN
1. INORGANIC ACIDS
EXAMPLE: HNO3 : ONLY ONE HYDROGEN IS PRESENT,
THEREFORE, FACTOR IS 1 EQ/MOL
2. ORGANIC ACIDS –REPLACEABLE HYDROGEN IS REFLECTED
BY THE NUMBER OF CARBOXYLIC GROUP PRESENT (-
COOH)
EXAMPLE: COOHCH2COHCOOHCH2COOH (CITRIC ACID)
3 -COOH GROUPS, NORMALITY FACTOR = 3 EQ/MOL
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
NORMALITY FACTOR
B. BASES
NORMALITY FACTOR = NUMBER OF REPLACEABLE
HYDROXIDE IONS
EXAMPLE: KOH : ONLY ONE OH IS PRESENT,
THEREFORE, FACTOR IS 1 EQ/MOL

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
NORMALITY FACTOR
C. SALTS
NORMALITY FACTOR = TOTAL MOLES OF CATIONIC CHARGE

EXAMPLE: K2Cr2O7

If we are only to compute the normality of an aqueous solution of this

salt, we break down the salt into its cation and anion components such
that

K2Cr2O7 >>> 2K+ + Cr2O72-

Taking our cation: f=2 cations x |+1| = 2 eq/mol

Or DISSOLVED OXYGEN
NORMALITY FACTOR
C. SALTS
NORMALITY FACTOR = TOTAL MOLES OF CATIONIC/ANIONIC
CHARGE
EXAMPLE: K2Cr2O7 >>> Cr2+
In this case, we are given a redox reaction. The best approach is to
determine the number of displaced electrons by each reacting specie
K21+Cr26+O72- >>> Cr2+

From 6+ to 2+ shows that 4e- is being gained by each chromium

participating in the reaction. Therefore, normality factor of K2Cr2O7 in the
given reaction is 4 equivalents per mole.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
•  
CONVERSION

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
 STANDARDIZATION

Determining the exact concentration of the given solution

usually via titration

V1N1 = V2N2
In the experiment, we standardized Na2S2O3 with KIO3

Na2S2O3 + KIO3 >>> Na2S4O6 + KI

Na2+S22+O32- + K+I5+O32- >>> Na2+S42.5+O62- + K+I-

To get the factor of KIO3, we use the half reaction KIO3 >>> KI.
Thus, fKIO3 = 6 eq/mol.

For Na2S2O3, we use Na2S2O3 >>> Na2S4O6.

Thus, f Na2S2O3 = 1 eq/mol
 V KIO3 N KIO3 = V Na2S2O3 N Na2S2O3

From the demonstration,

V KIO3 = 2mL M KIO3 = 0.025mol/L V Na2S2O3 = 13.1 mL

Substituting,
(2mL)(0.025mol/L)(6 eq/mol) = (13.1 mL) N Na2S2O3
N Na2S2O3= 0.0229 N
•  
Correcting the established relationship

From the manual,

10 mL of 0.0125M Na2S2O3 = 1 mg/L O2

10 mL of 0.0125M Na2S2O3 ()= 1 mg/L O2()

10 mL of 0.0229M Na2S2O3 = 1.832 mg/L O2

 DO DETERMINATION
•  
From the corrected established relationship:
mg/L O2 = Volume Na2S2O3 used x
From the demonstration,
Volume Na2S2O3 used = 14.3 mL
Substituting,
mg/L O2 = 14.3 mL x
mg/L O2 = 2.6198 mg/L
Solving for the amount of oxygen,
mg O2= 2.6198mg/L x 0.1L
mgO2 = 0.2620mg
 DO DETERMINATION
•  

From Table 6.1

DO saturation at 25OC = 9.1 mg/kg
DO saturation at 20OC = 8.3 mg/kg
*mg/L O2 = mg/kg O2
Substituting the values,
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