Professional Documents
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Cooling Towers
Cooling Towers
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Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Introduction
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Types of Cooling Towers
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• Air drawn across • Air drawn up
Types
falling water
of Cooling Towers through falling
• Fill located water
outside tower • Fill located
Natural Draft Cooling Towers
inside tower
Three types
• Forced draft
• Induced draft cross flow
• Induced draft counter flow
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Types of Cooling Towers
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Types of Cooling Towers
(GEO4VA)
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Types of Cooling Towers
(GEO4VA)
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Training Agenda: Cooling Towers
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
15
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Measured Parameters
• Wet bulb temperature of air
• Dry bulb temperature of air
• Cooling tower inlet water temperature
• Cooling tower outlet water temperature
• Exhaust air temperature
• Electrical readings of pump and fan
motors
• Water flow rate
• Air flow rate 16
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Performance Parameters
1. Range
2. Approach
3. Effectiveness
4. Cooling capacity
5. Evaporation loss
6. Cycles of concentration
7. Blow down losses
8. Liquid / Gas ratio
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
1. Range
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Difference between
cooling water inlet and
outlet temperature:
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Range (°C) = CW inlet Tower
performance
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
2. Approach
Difference between Hot Water Temperature (In)
Range
(In) to the Tower
temperature: (Out) from the
Tower
Approach (°C) =
CW outlet temp – Wet Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
Approach
bulb temp
Wet Bulb Temperature
Low approach = good (Ambient)
performance
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
3. Effectiveness
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Effectiveness in %
= Range / (Range +
Approach)
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Tower
= 100 x (CW temp – CW
out temp) / (CW in
temp – Wet bulb temp) Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
Approach
High effectiveness =
Wet Bulb Temperature
good performance (Ambient)
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
4. Cooling Capacity
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
= mass flow rate of water Tower
X specific heat X
temperature difference
Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
High cooling capacity = Approach
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
5. Evaporation Loss
Hot Water Temperature
Water quantity (m3/hr) (In)
evaporated for cooling duty
Range
= theoretically, 1.8 m3 for (In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
every 10,000,000 kCal heat Tower
rejected
Cold Water Temperature
= 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation (Out)
Approach
rate (m3/hr) x (T1-T2) Wet Bulb Temperature
(Ambient)
T1-T2 = Temp. difference
between inlet and outlet water
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Assessment of Cooling Towers
Blow Down =
Evaporation Loss / (C.O.C. – 1) 23
Assessment of Cooling Towers
Introduction
Types of cooling towers
Assessment of cooling towers
Energy efficiency opportunities
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Approach
• Closer to the wet bulb temperature
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2. Fill media
• Hot water distributed over fill media
and cools down through evaporation
• Fill media impacts electricity use
• Efficiently designed fill media reduces pumping
costs
• Fill media influences heat exchange: surface
area, duration of contact, turbulence
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2. Fill media
Comparing 3 fill media: film fill more
efficient
Splash Fill Film Fill Low Clog
Film Fill
Possible L/G Ratio 1.1 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 1.4 – 1.8
Effective Heat Exchange 30 – 45 150 m2/m3 85 - 100 m2/m3
Area m2/m3
Fill Height Required 5 – 10 m 1.2 – 1.5 m 1.5 – 1.8 m
Pumping Head 9 – 12 m 5–8m 6–9m
Requirement
Quantity of Air Required High Much Low Low
(BEE India, 2004; Ramarao; and Shivaraman) 34
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Cooling Towers
THANK YOU
FOR YOU ATTENTION
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Disclaimer and References