Hi-Tech

Hi-Tech College
College Of
Of Engineering
Engineering &
& Technology
Technology

HOD
PROF D. VENKATAIAH
SHEKAR YADAV
Wireless Power Transmission

By
M. NEELA GANGADHAR2
08J15A0206
 Presentation Outline

1.
1.Introduction
Introduction//Background
Background

2.
2.Theory
Theoryof
of Wireless
Wireless Power
Power Trans.
Trans.

3.
3.Major
MajorResearch
ResearchProjects
Projects

4.
4.Comparison
Comparison of
of Efficiency
Efficiency……

5.
5.Conclusion
Conclusion

3
1.
1. Introduction
Introduction // Background
Background

4
 Background- Nikola Tesla
• Innovations:
– Wireless power
transmission
experiments at
Wardenclyffe

5
 Wardenclyffe
• 1899
– Able to light lamps
over 25 miles away
without using wires

6
 1940’s to Present
• After World War II, development of ability
to convert energy to microwaves using a
magnetron. No method for converting
microwaves back to electricity.
• In 1964, William C. Brown demonstrated a
“rectenna” which could convert microwave
power to electricity.

7
 Solar Power from Satellites
• 1968’s idea for Solar Power Satellites
proposed by Peter Glaser
– Would use microwaves to transmit power to
Earth from Solar Powered Satellites
• Idea gained momentum during the Oil
Crises of 1970’s, but after prices stabilized
idea was dropped

8
9
 From
From the
the Satellite
Satellite
• Solar power from the satellite is sent
to Earth using a microwave
transmitter
• Received at a “rectenna” located on
Earth
• Recent developments suggest that
power could be sent to Earth using a
laser
10
 Microwave vs Laser Transmission
• Microwave • Laser
– More developed – Recently developed
– High efficiency up to lasers allow efficient
85% transfer of power
– Beam is far below the
lethal levels of – Range of 10% to 20%
concentration even for efficiency
a prolonged exposure
– Cause interference
with satellite
communication – Conform to limits on
industry eye and skin damage

11
 5,000
5,000 MW
MW Receiving
Receiving Station
Station
(Rectenna). This
(Rectenna). This station
station is
is about
about aa
mile and
mile and aa half
half long.
long.

12
2.
2. Theory
Theory of
of Wireless
Wireless Power
Power Trans.
Trans.

13
 Physics of Wireless Power
Transmission
• Forms of
Electromagnetic
radiation
• Travel at same speed
• F = frequency
• C = velocity of light
•http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/clima/atmosph/images/waves.jpg • L =wavelength

14
Rectenna
• Array of dipole
antennas known as
rectifying antenna or
Rectenna
• Diameter = Dr

15
Rectenna

16
 Physical Limitations
• The receiving diameter Dr increases with
transmitter receiver separation distance S.
• Dr increases if transmitter diameter Dt
decreases

17
Physical Limitations

18
Calculations/Analysis

• Frequency, f (Hz)
• Intensity, I (watts per square meter)
• Wave-Length, L (meters)
• Received Main Beam (“spot”) Diameter, Dr
(meters or kilometers)
• Transmitter Diameter, Dt (meters or kilometers)

• Example: how to estimate Intensity, I ?

19
Frequency Formula
Formula

Dt * Dr
• Frequency, f (Hz) = -------------- (1)
(L * S)

Dt: transmitter diameter

Dr: received beam (“spot”)
diameter
L: wavelength
S: separation

20
Frequency Analysis
Analysis

Dt * Dr
If (Frequency, f (Hz) = ----------- )  2.44 GHz (2)
(L * S)
Then at least, 84% of the energy of the beam will be captured

Note:
• Practical antenna sizes may have to be larger if most of
the beam is to be captured.
• The rectenna will have to be at least as large as Dt,
even if (2) says Dr is smaller.

21
Intensity, I Formula
Formula

• Intensity, I (watts per square meter)

P Dt
= ½ ( Pi * -----) * ( --------- ) (3)
4 L*S

Pi: 3.14…
P: total power transmitted
Dt: transmitter diameter
L: wave length
S: transmitter to receiver distance (separation)

22
Wave-Length, L Calculations
Calculations

• Wave-Length, L (meters)
c 300,000,000 meter/sec
= ----- = ( -------------------------------- ) = 0.1224 (1)
f 2,450,000,000/sec meter

c: speed of light
f: frequency

23
3.
3. Major
Major Research
Research Projects
Projects

24
1979 SPS Reference System concept
(GEO)
(GEO)

25
 Accomplishments
Accomplishments of
of Solar
Solar Power
Power
Satellites
Satellites
• 1980: 30 kW of microwave power was
transmitted to a receiving antenna over
one mile
• 1993: Japan successfully transmitted a
800kW microwave beam from a rocket to
a free-flying satellite in space.
• 1998: Microwave to DC conversion
efficiency of 82% or higher by the
rectenna.

26
 NASA’s
NASA’s Fresh
Fresh Look
Look Study
Study
• MEO (Mid-Earth Orbit)
Sun Tower:
NASA

- 6 SPS yields near 24-hr

power to sites

- ± 30 degrees Latitude
Coverage

- Power services of 200-

400 MW

27
4.
4. Comparisons
Comparisons Among
Among Other
Other Power
Power
Sources
Sources

28
Efficiency

•Space Solar Power (Wireless Power

Transmission)
•Ground Based Solar Power
•Nuclear Energy
•Fossil Fuel

29
Advantages
Advantages over
over Earth-based
Earth-based solar
solar power
power
• More intense sunlight
• In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km (22,369
miles) an SPS would be illuminated over 99%
of the time
• No need for costly storage devices for when
the sun is not in view

30
 Cont.
• Waste heat is radiated back into space
• Power can be beamed to the location where it
is needed, don’t have to invest in as large a
grid
• No air or water pollution is created during
generation
• Ground based solar only works during clear
days, and must have storage for night. Thus
it is More reliable than ground based solar
power

31
 Advantages over Nuclear Power
There are advantages…
• Possible power generation of 5 to 10
giga watts
• If the largest conceivable space
power station were built and
operated 24 hours a day all year
round, it could produce the
equivalent output of ten 1 million
kilowatt-class nuclear power
stations.

32
 Cont…
• One of the example for the disadvantage of Nuclear power station:

• On April 26, 1986 the worst catastrophe in nuclear history

occurred in the station at Chernobyl, Ukraine.

• Due to the failure of one of reactor, two people died immediately

from the explosion and 29 from radiation. About 200 others
became seriously ill from the radiation; some of them later died. It
was estimated that eight years after the  accident 8,000 people
had died from diseases due to radiation (about 7,000 of them from
the Chernobyl cleanup crew). Doctors think that about 10,000
others will die from cancer. The most frightening fact is that
children who were not born when the catastrophe occurred
inherited diseases from their parents.

33
 Advantages over Fossil Fuel

• Fossil fuels won't last forever (next 50yrs)

• It is not renewable
• Fossil Fuel fired electric power plants in
the US emits about 2 billion tons of
greenhouse gas CO2 in to air every year.
This courses climate change in the future
via greenhouse effect.

34
 Disadvantages
• If microwave beams carrying power could be
beamed uniformly over the earth, they could
effect Mobile Devices Eg. cell phones

• Microwave transmission
– Interference with other electronic devices
– Health and environmental effects

35
 Cont…
• Possible health hazards
– Effects of long term exposure
– Exposure is equal to the amount that
people receive from cell phones and
Microwaves

• Location
– The size of construction for the rectennas
is massive and also Implementation
Complexity

36
Early
Early and
and simple
simple schematic
schematic of
of how
how aa space
space solar
solar power
power satellite
satellite would
would beam
beam
energy
energy to
to electrical
electrical power
power grid
grid on
on Earth.
Earth. Credit:
Credit: Space
Space Studies
Studies Institute
Institute

37
5.
5. Conclusion
Conclusion

38
 Conclusion
Conclusion
• This idea worth to invest in since this
technology brings in virtually unlimited
power from the sun.

• This also benefits the intercontinental

power providers.

• Absolutely environmentally friendly since it

is emission-free.

39
 Reference
1) “A Few Things you occasionally wanted to know about wireless power
transmission.” Potter, Seth.
http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/a_few_things_you_occasionally_wanted_to_k
now_about_wireless_power_transmission.shtml

2) “Solar Power Satellites and Microwave Power Transmission”

http://www.kentlaw.edu/classes/fbosselm/Spring2004/PowerPoints/Wireless%20P
ower%20Transmission%20-%20Soubel.ppt

3) www.on-orbit-
servicing.com/pdf/OOS2004_presentations_pdf/OOSIssuesOverview_Oda.pdf

4) www.kentlaw.edu/classes/fbosselm/Spring2004/ PowerPoints/Wireless%20Power
%20Transmission%20-%20Soubel.ppt

5) www.spacefuture.com/.../a_fresh_look_at_space_
solar_power_new_architectures_concepts_and_technologies.shtml

6) Lin, James C., “Space solar power stations, wireless power transmissions, and
biological implications”, IEEE microwave magazine, March, 2002

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