STEADY 1D FLOW WITH HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter-6
Gas Dynamics
By
Zucrow
 PROCESS AND ITS GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Continuity Equation Momentum Equation Energy Equation

m V dp  VdV  0 V 2 
G  V  =constant
A v  Q  dh  d    dH
 2 

Entropy Equation s  constant

 PROCESS AND ITS GOVERNING EQUATIONS -2
Combine Continuity and Momentum equation

dp  GdV  0 Integrate between p2  GV2  p1  GV1  p  GV  constant

states 1 and 2

F
p  GV   constant p  GV  p  V 2  pA   AV 2  F  constant
A

p1  G 2 v1  p2  G 2v2  constant

terms have a same value

BUT Thus this eq. when plotted will
correspond to two different correspond to a set of
states of the fluid thermodynamic states attainable
Due to heat transfer by a fluid going through the said process

For known G & initial condition (p1, v1) assume p2, calculate v2, read the other
thermodynamic properties(t2, h2, s2 etc) from the gas tables. Plot these values on
hs plane for different p’s or pv plane for constant h or s
 THE RAYLEIGH LINE (R-Line)

p1  G 2 v1  p2  G 2 v2  constant

p2  p1
 G 2  constant
v2  v1

A straight line on pv plane

Having a slope = -G2
Angle of R Line on pv pane

1
 p2  p1 
2

  v   tan  
1
V  vG  v  2

 v2  v1 

Thus velocity of the fluid corresponding to each state can be calculated

Let us plot the R Line on pv plane

 THE R-LINE CHARACTERISTICS
Increasing h
h lines (constant h)

p
heat (p2 - p1) for G = a
p1 1 h=h1 – h2
cool
p2 2 (p2 - p1) for G = 2a
2' h=h1 – h2'
p2'
R Line
R Line angle 

R Line tangent to h line

(max enthalpy)
R Line angle =h line angle =

v1 v
Conditions for Maximum Enthalpy and Entropy
STATES OF MAX h & s ON THE SAME R LINE
h line (constant h)

s line (constant s)
p he
at
co
o l
STATES OF MAXIMUM ENTHALPY AND
ENTROPY ON THE SAME R LINE

R Line
M<1
M>1

State of maximum enthalpy

he
State of maximum entropy at
M =1 co
o l

v
 Some Important Points About R-Line
1. Specific volume is more at the point of maximum entropy than at the point
of maximum enthalpy
2. Once point of maximum enthalpy is reached, any further addition of heat
will result in the rise in velocity of fluid equal to the amount of heat added
3. If the velocity of the fluid is increased at a rate faster than the heat addition
rate then its enthalpy decreases
1. (energy to increase the velocity comes from the energy stored in the fluid)

 p 
The slope of h line on the pv plane  tan    

 v  h

 p 
2
V
The slope of R line on the pv plane  tan    
  G 2
 
 v  R v2

V2
At point of max enthalpy; tan   tan    2
v
 Some Important Points About R-Line, -2
 p  1  p  a2
The slope of s line on the pv plane  tan        2     2
 v  s v    s v

p 2
 tan       G 2   2
V
The slope of R line on the pv plane
 v  R v

V 2 a2
At point of max entropy; tan   tan   2  2  V  a
v v

Following inferences can be made

1. The maximum velocity the fluid can attain is the local speed of
sound at the point of maximum entropy for a given set of conditions
2. At such conditions the flow said to be thermally choked
3. Further addition of heat does not allow the fluid to attain states
beyond choking, it rather produces changes in the upstream
conditions
LET US SEE HOW THE R-LINE LOOKS ON hs PLANE
R-Line on hs Plane
Effect of Heat Addition on Temperature
 Intersection of R-Line and F-Line on hs Plane
For a given set of initial conditions plot both the R-line and F-Line
INFERENCES
1. F Line has same H
2. R-Line same F/A
3. At state 1 & 2 both lines gave
h 2 same G, H and F/A
4. Process involving change in states
of fluids from 1 to 2 are possible
thermodynamically
5. This change must be spontaneous
6. A compression shock wave
7. Change from state 2 to 1 is not
possible
8. Gas at M>1 compresses in a
shockwave and changes to M<1
1 9. But gas at M<1 cannot expand to
M>1
10.Across shock waves M decreases

s
 Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
In Reyleigh Flow the stream thrust per unit area remains constant

F  V 2 
 p  GV  p  V 2  constant  p 1    p  1  M 
2

A  p 

Hence both the static and stagnation pressure ratios can be found as:


Static pressure p2  1   M  2
Since by P   1 2   1

 
2
 1 M 
ratio p1  1   M  1
2
definition p  2 

Hence Stagnation pressure ratio


  -1

  1 2    1 2 
 -1

1 M2   1  M  1 2 M 2 
P2 p2  2
2
    1
   1 
P1 p1  1    1 M 2   1   2
M
2 1 M1 
2
1
 2   2 
 Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
Static temperature ratio can be found by rewriting the continuity equation

m V V p V p M
G  V      constant
A v Rt  Rt  Rt
p

OR

p2 M 2 p1 M 1 p2 M 2 p1M 1

 
 Rt2  Rt1 t2 t1

2
Hence Static temperature Ratio is: t2 M 22  1   M 12 
 2 
t1 M 1  1   M 22 

Entropy
Change
 Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases

Slope of R-line

Slope of h-line

Slope of s-line

If slopes of s-line and

R-line are same

If slopes of h-line and

R-line are same
 Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases

From definition of stagnation temperature

Entropy Change
Effect of Heat Transfer on Fluid Properties
Rayleigh Line Tables for Perfect Gases
 Assignment
Chapter 5 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Chapter 6 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (a), 14, 15 (a)