Internet of things

(Lecture 4)

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 IOT enabling technologies
• As stated by an ITU report, the full-scale commercialization of many of the
technologies related to IoT may require some time yet to come to realization.
• Early developments have already led to a lot of innovative applications in
everyday life: in the home, at work, on the farm, in the hospital, at the shop,
on the road, and even inside the body.
• Item-based tagging and identification has taken anytime and anywhere
communications to the next level in networking: “anything communications”.
• Empowering things to detect and monitor their environment through sensors
has enabled the network to sense, react and respond.
• Embedded intelligence at the edges of the network has further increased the
network’s ability to respond.
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 IOT enabling technologies
• An increasing number of technologies have been and more technologies
will be connected to the existing and future network in order to interact
with the real world.
• The main IoT enabling technologies can be the electronic identification
technology such as RFID and sensing and actuating technology such as
sensors/actuators.
• Communication technologies from object-to-object and from the network
of objects to the existing networks, such as wired and wireless
communication networks are also the part of enabling technologies for IOT.
• Some other technologies such as nanotechnology, artificial intelligence,
machine learning, robotics, location, etc. also enable different IoT services.
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 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
• RFID technology is used to track and locate items using simple low cost
RFID tags that can be attached to goods or any other items.
• These tags are most widely seen in shops where they help prevent
shoplifting theft.
• However RFID is also used in many other areas helping track items in
production environments, provide asset tracking in warehouses and also
it can be used in very many other areas including vehicle management
and a host of other areas.
• As a result, RFID technology is now a vital tool for many areas of
business.

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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

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 Basic elements of RFID
• RFID technology is a simple method of exchanging data between two entities
namely a reader/ writer and a tag.
• This communication allows information about the tag or the element carrying
the tag to be determined.
• An RFID system comprises a number of elements:
• RFID reader / writer:   The reader writer is used to communicate with the tags
that may pass within range.
• The RFID reader writer will normally be located in a fixed position and will be
used to interrogate an RFID tag.
• Dependent upon the application and the format of the system and the RFID
reader / writer, data may also be written to the RFID tag.
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Basic elements of RFID

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Basic elements of RFID

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 Basic elements of RFID
• RFID tag: RFID tags are typically located on items that are mobile.
• They are small and generally cheap, and can be attached to items that
need to have information associated with them.
• They are also generally considered as being disposable.
• RFID application software: RFID systems need application software to
run the overall system.
• With many systems there will be a number of different reader / writers
and the data to and from these needs to be coordinated and analysed.
• Application software will be required for these.

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Basic elements of RFID

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 RFID applications
• There are many RFID applications which have gained popularity over the past
years:
• Store product identification - RFID technology can be used within shops and
stores as a form of alert for goods that have / have not been paid for.
• Asset tracking - RFID systems can monitor when RFID tags pass given points
and in this way track the assets.
• Airline baggage identification - airlines need to monitor where baggage is
and route it to the required destination.
• Parts identification - Data can be written to an RFID tags defining the identity
of a part. This can then be used within a manufacturing, stock holding or
other process to identify and locate parts.
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RFID applications

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 RFID applications
• Production control - when items are manufactured they pass through
many stages. RFID tags can be attached to items. These can be updated
each time the item passes through a stage in production. This will enable
the manufacturing system to track all items and know what stage they
are at, and any other information such as test failures, etc.
• Employee access control - many companies today require intelligent
access control systems. RFID technology is able to provide control as well
as tracking, noting when cards pass particular access points, etc.
• Vehicle tracking - RFID technology can be used to determine when
vehicles have passed particular points and in this way their location can
be approximately determined.
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 RFID applications
• Livestock identification - RFID tags can be injected into animals, under
the skin and this enables accurate determination of which animal is
which so that injections, etc can be given to the correct animal.
• These represent some of the more standard applications for RFID
technology. Many more specialised applications are also in use.

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RFID applications

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 RFID tags
• Typically the tags and smart labels are low cost items that can be
attached to an item.
• One of the great advantages of RFID is that the tags and labels are often
very low cost items.
• The tags can be totally passive and some can also be active as well.
• In some instances they may include storage so that the transactions
made with these tags or smart labels can require information to be
stored on them to provide more functionality, etc.

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 Elements of an RFID tag
• RFID tags are made to be as simple as possible.
• Fundamentally they comprise two main elements:
• Electronics circuitry:   The electronics within an RFID tag are kept to the
minimum to ensure that cost are minimized and power levels are kept as
low as possible.
• Antenna:   The antenna within the RFID tag is the element that takes the
largest amount of space. It must be able to operate satisfactorily at the
frequency of operation.

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 Types of RFID tags
• There are two main categories into which they fall:
• Passive:   Passive RFID tags are by far the most common. They do not
contain any power and receive this from the RFID reader. This is
sufficient to power any device in the RFID tag and reply with the
required data.

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 Types of RFID tags
• Active:   An active RFID tag is one in which battery power is used to
supply power to the electronics. This enables greater distances to be
achieved as the tag is not dependent upon the received power.

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Active vs Passive RFID tags

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 Sensors
• Many IoT devices have sensors that can register changes in temperature,
light, pressure, sound and motion.
• They are your eyes and ears to what's going on the world.
• These sensors can be paired with an application specific integrated
circuit or an ASIC.
• This is a circuit with a limited degree of programming capability and is
hardwired to do something specific.
• It can also be paired with microprocessor and will likely be attached to a
wireless radio for communications.

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 IPv6
• The original idea of identification is based on RFID tags however this has
evolved into objects having an IP address.
• Current address space of IPv4 is getting limited and eventually IPv6 will
replace the IPv4.
• The applications using IPv6 would be able to use extremely large address
space of the IPv6 protocol.
• This system would therefore be able to scale to the large numbers of
objects connected.

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 Barcodes
• Barcode is just a different way of encoding numbers and letters by using
combination of bars and spaces of varying width.
• Barcodes are optical machine readable labels attached to items that
record information related to the item.
• Recently, the QR Code system has become popular due to its fast
readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard.

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 QR codes
• This is used for low cost tagging.
• Phone camera decodes QR code using image-processing techniques.
• In reality QR advertisement campaigns gives less turnout, as users need
to have another application to read QR codes.

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 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• Wi-Fi is a networking technology that allows computers and other
devices to communicate over a wireless signal.
• Today, Wi-Fi delivers the high speed Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) connectivity to millions of offices, homes, and public locations
such as hotels, cafes, and airports.
• The integration of Wi-Fi into notebooks, handhelds and Consumer
Electronics (CE) devices has accelerated the adoption of Wi-Fi to the
point where it is nearly a default in these devices.
• Nowadays entire cities are becoming Wi-Fi corridors through wireless
APs.

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Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

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 ZigBee
• ZigBee is one of the protocols developed for enhancing the features of
wireless sensor networks.
• Characteristics of ZigBee are low cost, low data rate, relatively short
transmission range, scalability, reliability, and flexible protocol design.
• ZigBee has range of around 100meters and a bandwidth of 250 kbps.
• It is widely used in home automation, digital agriculture, industrial
controls, medical monitoring & power systems.

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ZigBee

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 NFC (Near Field Communication)
• NFC is a set of short-range wireless technology typically requiring a
distance of 4 cm.
• NFC technology makes life easier and more convenient for consumers
around the world by making it simpler to make transactions, exchange
digital content, and connect electronic devices.
• It also works in dirty environment, does not require line of sight, easy
and simple connection method.
• Data exchange rate is approximately 424 kbps.

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NFC (Near Field Communication)

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 Actuators
• An actuator is something that converts energy into motion, which means
actuators drive motions into mechanical systems.
• Cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet and generally communicate
at less than 1 Mbps.
• Actuators typically are used in manufacturing or industrial applications.

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Actuators

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 WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)
• A WSN is a wireless network consisting of distributed autonomous devices using
sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, or motion etc.
• Formed by hundreds or thousands of pieces that communicate with each other and
pass data along from one to another.
• A wireless sensor network is an important element in IoT paradigm.
• Sensor nodes may not have global ID because of the large number of sensors.
• WSN based on IoT has received remarkable attention in many areas, such as military,
homeland security, healthcare, precision agriculture monitoring, manufacturing,
habitat monitoring, forest fire and flood detection and so on.
• Sensors mounted to a patient’s body are monitoring the responses to the medication,
so that doctors can measure the effects of the medicines.
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WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks)

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 Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence refers to electronic environments that are sensitive
and responsive.
• In an intelligent world, devices work to support people in carrying out
their everyday life activities in easy, natural way using Information and
intelligence that is hidden in the network connected devices.

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Artificial Intelligence

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Thank you

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