Hardware implementation of

frequency hopping spread

spectrum
Problem
 The communication path in most
situation is unsecure.
 In military communication security was
the major issue.
 Various organization want their
communication to be completely isolated
and unseen to their competitors.
Possible solution
 By using encryption algorithm.
Public key cryptography
 The original data symbol is converted into
code word by Encryption algorithm.
 These code words are transmitted by the
unreliable channel
 At the receiving end all codeword's are again
decrypted.

.
Disadvantage of using encryption
algorithm
 Redundant bits are added to the original
data are also transmitted.
 Cracker can decrypt the data codes.
Second solution
 By using spread spectrum technique
Direct sequence spread spectrum
Frequency hopping spread spectrum
Frequency hopping spread spectrum
FHSS transmitter block diagram
FHSS receiver block diagram
Synchronization the major problem…….

 First design
Transmit the next hope information at the
end of the current packet.

 Failure of first design

Synchronization the major problem…….

 Second design.
Synchronization the major problem…….

 Third design
To transmit 40 KHz tone at 110MHz
frequency each time in the loop.

The receiver will remain tune to 110MHz

frequency unless it receive 40KHz tone.
Transmitter flow chart
Receiver flow chart
Microcontroller used..
 PIC16F877A
WHY PIC16F877A
 It has built-in ADC
Subsections
 Active Low pass filter
subsections
 Active high pass filter
Wave shaper
Transmitter
Receiver
Synchronization
 A 40 KHz tone is transmitted at 110 MHz
frequency.
 The remaining 9 channel are used for
data.
 The receiver become active when it
receive 40 KHz tone at 110 MHz
frequency.
Limitations
 Channel is free during the switching time
from one frequency to other frequency.
 Voice quality is not so good due to 8 bit
DAC. For 64 kbps digital sound we need
16 bit DAC which is not easily available in
the market.
 Noise due to 40 KHz tone for
synchronization which is transmitted from
the transmitter side after every 90ms
second duration of time.
Future enhancements
 The voice quality can be improved by using 16 bit DAC which is sufficient for
64kbps digital bit stream.
 With audio transmission video transmission can also be add in this project
by using video amplifier/mixer, picture modulator through Amplitude
modulation, synchronizing circuit and high frequency microcontroller.
 The distance can be increased by using high power and high frequency
linear amplifier.
 Small size antenna like microchip patch antenna can be used by designing
proper matching network.
 Bandwidth can be efficiently utilized by using multiple users communicating
trough a single access point which assign hopping key to the entire users.
 To increase information rate he synchronization criteria must be changed in
the next design of this project. User must send the next hope information
key attached at the end of every data packet. Doing so the transmitter and
receiver will remain perfectly synchronize with each other.