Kinematics

Kinematics is a branch of Mechanics that is

concerned with pure motion and is not concerned
with the forces involving those motion.
Study of motion without discussing cause.
PRESENTED BY
HAMZA KHURSHEED
MPHIL PHYSICS (CONT.)
 Physical Quantities
Scalar Quantity: The quantities that have magnitude only.
Vector quantities: The quantities which have both magnitude and direction.

Comparison of scalar and vector quantities

Criteria Scalar Vector

Definitio A scalar is a quantity with A vector is a quantity with

n magnitude only. the magnitude as well as
direction.

Direction No direction Yes there is the direction

Specified A number (Magnitude) A number (magnitude),

by and a Unit direction and a unit.

Represe Quantity symbol in bold or

nted by Quantity symbol an arrow sign above

Example Mass and Temperature Velocity and Acceleration

Distance
Total length covered by a moving object regardless of the direction of
motion.
• An scalar quantity
• SI unit meter ( m )
Displacement
Distance measured in a straight line with specified direction.  
Or
Shortest measured distance between initial and final position.
v= where d is the displacement.
• Vector quantity
• SI unit meter (m).
Speed
Speed is the distance moved per unit time.  
Or
Rate of change of distance.
s= where d is the distance.
• Scalar quantity
• SI unit meter per second (m/s).
Average speed
The average speed of an object is the total distance traveled by the object
divided by the elapsed time to cover that distance.
Average speed = total distance travelled /total time taken
Change is represented by ∆.
Instantaneous speed
When the speed of an object is constantly changing,
the instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a particular
moment (instant) in time
Velocity
Rate of change of displacement.  
v= where d is the displacement.
• Vector quantity
• SI unit meter per second (.
Average velocity
The average velocity of an object is its total displacement divided by the total time taken. In 
other words, it is the rate at which an object changes its position from one place to another.
∆v=total displacement/total time taken
• Average velocity is a vector quantity.
• The SI unit is meters per second (m.
Acceleration
A body is accelerating when its velocity changes.  
Or
The rate of change of velocity.
In other words, the object undergoes acceleration when its speed and/or direction changes.
• Acceleration is a vector quantity. The direction of acceleration is the direction of change in velocity.
• SI unit meter per second per second m.
Deceleration/retardation
When velocity of an object decreases over time .
Negative sign show the deceleration in the body
Uniform acceleration
Uniform acceleration is a constant rate of change of velocity.
Non uniform Acceleration
When change in velocity of a body is not same or constant.
 Graphs of Motion

The motion of objects can be analyzed using equations and graphs. These tools allow other aspects of
motion such as acceleration and displacement to be determined.
Motion graphs
Displacement-TIME   GRAPH (velocity)
The gradient of a displacement-time graph at a particular time gives the
velocity of the object at that time.
Gradient= ==velocity

 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH (acceleration)

The gradient of a velocity-time graph at a particular time gives the acceleration

of the object at that time.
The area under a velocity-time graph gives the displacement.

Gradient == = acceleration

Also known as Speed-Time graph

 DISPLACEMENT VS TIME GRAPHS

WHEN BODY IS AT REST

• Zero gradient
• Displacement is
constant.
WHEN TRAVELLING WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY

• Constant gradient
• Displacement increases 10m
with every second.
TRAVELLING WITH INCREAING VELOCITY (NON-
UNIFORM)

• Increasing gradient
• Increase in velocity
TRAVELLING WITH DECREASING VELOCITY ( NON-
UNIFORM)

• Decreasing gradient
• Velocity decreases
 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH

CAR AT REST

• Velocity is zero so accl.

Is also zero
• Zero gradient
CAR TREVELLING WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY

• Since velocity is constant so

accl. Is again zero
• Zero gradient
CAR TREVALLING WITH UNIFORM
ACCELEARTION

• Velocity increases at the rate of 10ms in every sec.so accl.is also 10ms
• Constant gradient
• Positive graph
CAR TRAVELLING WITH UNIFORM DECELEARTION

• Decreasing with constant rate

• Negative graph
• Constant Gradient
• Negative deceleration
CAR TRAVELLING WITH INCREASING ACCELEARTION
(NON-UNIFORM)

• Increase with time

• Positive and Increasing Gradient
• Accelerations Increases with time
CAR TRAVELLING WITH DECREASING ACCELEARTION ( NON-
UNIFORM)

• Decrease with Time

• Positive And Decreasing Gradient
• Acceleration Decreases
 Comparisons between displacement-time and velocity-time graphs

Velocity-time graphs and displacement-time graphs look very similar, but they give different
information. We can differentiate them by looking at the labels on the y-axis.

Assume that the car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly in one direction to a constant velocity.
The car then comes to a stop at a red light.

Below graph shows the displacement-time and velocity-time graphs of the car and how they are
related.
Speed-time graph vs
velocity-time graph
 Acceleration due to gravity

 
The acceleration which is gained by an object because of gravitational force is called its acceleration due to
gravity.
Its Si unit is m/.
It’s a vector quantity. Having both magnitude and direction.
It represented by letter g.
It has standard value defined as 9.80665 m/
Objects falling without air resistance
Worked example 2.9
 Object falling with air resistance

Air resistance is a frictional force.so work done due to it always be negative.

It has following characteristics;

1. It always opposes the motion of moving object
2. It increases with the speed of the object
3. It increases with the surface area of objects
4. It increases with the density of air
 TERMINAL VELOCITY

When the air resistances against an object gets equal to the weight of the falling object then the object
starts to fall at a constant speed known as terminal velocity.
this means object has zero acceleration.
examples+ area under the
curve
 Area under the curve
Area under the velocity-time graph gives the displacement of the
object.