Ilustrado’s and the

Philippine Culture
Prepared by: Fearlyn Claire P. Linao
Teacher I- SDO NAVOTAS
MAED-9B
COG 106 Culture and Customs of the Philippines
Submitted to: Prof. Sharon Gorospe
Table of Contents

01 02
ILUSTRADO Culture

03 04
Literature & Arts Politics
 01
Ilustrado
Ilustrado
The Ilustrados constituted the Filipino
educated class during the Spanish
colonial period in the late 19th century.
Elsewhere in New Spain, the term gente
de razón carried a similar meaning. They
were the middle class who were educated
in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal
and European nationalist ideals. 
 The hand that wrote a
page, built a city

- Herbert Marshall Mcluhan

Social Structure of the Philippines
in the 19th Century
• Philippine society was feudalistic as a consequence of
Encomienda a system impose by the colonizers.
• They collected all forms of taxes and tributes from the
Filipino’s and even required the natives to render polo
y servicio or forced labor to the government and
catholic church.
• Limpieza de Sangre or “purity of the blood”- Spanish
doctrine
 Social Structure
• Social ranking was created in our society.
• Social tensions were created between and
among classes.
• A system of racial discrimination came to
be institutionalized.
• High positions in government were opened
only to the pure-blooded Spaniards.
• Members of the middle class and the indios
were considered inferior by the upper
classes and unworthy of education
02
Culture
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 Clothing Styles of Ilustrado

Sheer Realities explores a critical dimension of

Philippine nationalism as it developed over the nineteenth
century: the rise of a mixed-race—mestizo—middle class
who adapted Enlightenment ideals and European notions
of modernity in their attempts to reform Spanish rule in
the colony. In the process, middle-class mestizos
consciously strove to distinguish themselves from both
Spanish colonizer and Filipino peasant.
 Clothing Styles of Ilustrado
These class and racial divides were most vividly apparent in
the clothing and other body decoration exhibited by each group.
The spectrum’s poles were defined, on the one hand, by the
almost naked body of the salvaje (savage) and, on the other, the
layered clothing ensembles of the elites. To the latter, these poles
signified the radical difference between the abject and the
civilized. It was thus with a sense of local pride that elite and
mestizo classes wore extraordinarily refined jewelry, silk
clothing, cotton skirts and trousers, and delicately embroidered
piña garments.
 Clothing Styles of Ilustrado
The beauty of this clothing was both an aesthetic and a
political statement. Its extreme refinement displayed a desire
to be acknowledged as a civilized society, which meant a
distancing from the naked body of the savage. This divide
continues to resonate in the Philippines today. The persistent
idea that the civilized and well clothed are deserving of
freedom explains, in part, why the contributions of Filipino
peasants to the independence struggle have been devalued in
the official history of nation-building in the Philippines.
03
Literature and
Arts
Ilustrado’s influence
in Literature
Forms

1. Religious Literature 2. Secular or

Non-Religious Literature

a. Pasyon a. Awit
b. Senakulo b. Korido
c. Komedya c. Prose Narratives

3. Propaganda Literature 4. Revolutionary Literature

Religious Literature

• Revolves around the life and the death of

Jesus Christ.
Forms of Religious Literature:

Pasyon- it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus
Christ.

Senakulo- it is the re-enctment of the Pasyon.

Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and fame, but can also
be a narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is
also considered religous, because it usually depicts the battle between the
Christians and the Saracens or the Moros.
Secular or Non- Religious Literature

• Revolves around tales of valiance and adventure.

Forms of Secular or Non-Religious Literature:

Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess. Florante
at Laura is a good example.

Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the struture of a poem.

Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that in a

literary light that teaches Filipinos on proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng
Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a good example.
Propaganda Literature

• These were in the forms of satires, editorials, and

news articles that aimed to attack the Spanish
Rule.
• The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr. Jose
Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez
ExaJmaepnleas.:

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after
the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of
the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and
EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show)-
Here Jaena the tragedy of marrying a
explains Spaniard.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar

KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose
Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used
Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a cathecism but

sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888.
Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of
supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)-
published in Barcelona, it was also like a cathecism
sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also
contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of
God and an appreciation for and love for nature.
Dr. Jose Rizal

NOLI ME TANGERE- his was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he
courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the
Philippines.
Revolutionary Literature

• are exposes that sparked revolution and resistance

in the hearts of Filipinos.
Examples:

Andres Bonifacio

Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen)

– an outline of obligations just like the Ten Commandments, hence, it is likewise
called Ang Dekalogo.

Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs should Know) –
an essay outlining the basic tenets of Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism.
Examples:

Emilio Jacinto

Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) – a collection of

essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith,
government and love of country.

Apolinario Mabini

El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine
Republic) – this essay highlights the establishment of the Philippine republic and
its subsequent doom due to disunity among the Filipinos
Examples:

Dr. Jose Rizal

El Filibusterismo– This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the

NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the
government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel
of society while that of FILI is that of politics.
Publications

El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald of the Revolution)

– printed the decrees of the Revolutionary
Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
This is the Official Newspaper of the Revolutionary Government
of Aguinaldo.

La Independencia (Independence) – an independent newspaper founded

and edited by General Antonio Luna.

La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic) – a private newspaper edited by

Pedro Paterno.

La Libertad (Liberty) – another private newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta.

Ilustrado’s influence
in Philippine Arts
 1521-1898
• Introduced formal Painting, Sculpture and Architecture which
was inspired by the Byzantine, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo
art styles.
• Most art works are Religious (Catholic) based
• Art works bear the Philippine themed décor even with
Spanish influence
• In the formation of the elite Filipino class, the
Ilustrado, paved way for the rich locals to
study abroad, a more “academic” and
“western” approach has been learned.
• The Filipino Classicism is formed that
borrows the Neo- Classicism, Romanticism
and even a hint of Impressionism
• First Filipino to paint his face, the first Self-
Portrait in the Philippines
• Founder of the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura,
the first school of drawing in the Philippines
(1821)
• One of the known artist of the decorative art
illustrations tipos del pais watercolor paintings
that depict local costumes. It also became an
album of different native costumes.
• Juan Luna y Novicio was a Filipino painter,
sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine
Revolution during the late 19th century.
• His Spoliarium won the gold medal in the 1884
Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
• One of the greatest Filipino painters along
with fellow painter Juan Luna in the 19th
century

• His work has a touch of Romanticism and

aesthetics of the Neoclassicism
04
Politics
 Filipino Nationalism
patriotic sentiments and
nationalistic ideals in the
Philippines in 19th
century

a result of
more than two
centuries of
Spanish rule

an immediate
outcome of the
Filipino Propaganda
Movement (mostly in
Europe) from 1872 to served as the backbone of the first
1892. nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine
Revolution of 1896.[
 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM:
1. the revolutions in Europe and in Latin America (opened the Philippines to
international trade.)
2. the rise of a Middle Class from which came the ilustrado elites that soon
became the main agitators against the Spanish Regime.
3. the bureaucratic centralized government established in Manila had caused
widespread discontent in the entire archipelago.
4. The execution of the Gomburza became a spark among the educated
ilustrados.
5. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) called for the assimilation of the
Philippines as a province of Spain so that the same laws will be applied in the
Philippines and that the inhabitants of the Philippines will experience the same
civil liberties and rights as that of a Spanish citizen.
 The
Propaganda
Movement
Prime Movers:
1.Graciano Lopez Jaena
2.Marcelo H. Del Pilar
3.Mariano Ponce
4.Jose Rizal
 Propaganda Movement
Was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872
by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe.
Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and
students attending Europe's universities, the
organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of
the needs of its colony, the Philippines and to
propagate a closer relationship between the colony and
Spain.
 Rise of the Propaganda Movement

It began in 1872, when Fathers Mariano Gomez,

Jose Burgoz and Jacinto Zamora were executed at
Luneta.
Cavite Mutiny
• January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and
dock workers of Cavite, under the leadership of Sgt.
La Madrid, Mutinied and killed their Spanish officers.
• Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto
Zamora were accused of treason to spain and tried
in unfair trial. They were sentenced to death by
garrote on February 17, 1872 in Bgumbayan
(Luneta).
Why did the ilustrados
in Europe undertake
Propaganda
movement?
 T h e illustrados led the Filipinos’ quest for
reforms. Because of their education and newly
acquired wealth, they felt more confident
about voicing out popular grievances. The
illustrados did not succeeded in easing the
sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group
arose another faction called the intelligentsia.
The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they
were more systematic and used a peaceful
means called the Propaganda Movement.
 Reforms desired by the
Propaganda Movement
Assimilation
of the
Filipinization Philippines
Restoration of the as a regular
of the Philippine province
Human Philippine of Spain.
parishes and
rights for representatio
expulsion
Equality n in the
of the Filipinos. of the friars
Spanish
Filipinos Cortes.
and
Spaniards
before
the laws.
 Who were active in this
3/12/2015
movement?
THE
PROPAGANDISTS
Members
• Dr. José Rizal (Laong Laan and
Dimasalang)
• Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
• Graciano Lopez Jaena (Diego Laura)
• Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog)
• Mariano Ponce (Tignalang,
Kalipulako, Naning)
• Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa)
• Dominador Gomez (Ramiro Franco)
 The propagandists
● were patriots who waged their movement by
means of pen and tongue to expose the defects of
Spanish rule in the philippines and urgency of reforms
to remedy them.
●  T h e y were the scions of good families, highly
intelligent, educated, patriotic and courageous, who
symbolized the flower of Filipino manhood.
 Forms of
group
Filibusteros
Including the creoles
and Spanish Meztizos who had been expelled in Marianas during the attack on liberals in the wake of
Cavite Mutiny

Young men
Who were sent for Spain for their studies

Refugees
Who escaped the islands to break out persecution
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5
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
… marcelo del pilar
 Lawyer and journalist from Bulacan
 He joined dupluhan and dalitan or literary j ousts
during fiestas
 He satarized corrupt officials and friars during
pintakasi(cockfighting day)
 He wrote anti-friar pamphlets in simple yet forceful
tagalog.
 In 1882, he helped establish the Diariong Tagalog, the first
bilingual newspaper; he edited the Tagalog section.
 He released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and
Mockeries), a manual of anticlerical commentary in the
format of novena
 … Marcelo Del Pilar

 H e parodied the Lord’s Prayer, Hail Mary, the

Apostles Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Act of
Contrition, and the cathechism.
 H i s house was burned mysteriously.
 H e left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape
the prosecution of the friars
… Marcelo Del Pilar
… Marcelo Del Pilar
… Marcelo Del Pilar
La Solidaridad the vehicle of expression
of the Propaganda
Movement.

For more than five years of existence, it

became the principal organ of the movement.
It existed from Feb 15, 1889 to Nov 15, 1895.

Graciano Lopez-Jaena

Founder and first editor of La Solidaridad.

Together with Jose Rizal and Marcelo H.
Del Pilar, he undertook propaganda
campaigns in Spain. But he was soon
succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar.
Rizal and The Development of Filipino Nationalism
The most outstanding Propagandist was José
Rizal, a physician, scholar, scientist, and writer.

Rizal's career spanned two worlds:

Among small communities of
Filipino students in Madrid and
other European cities, he
became a leader and eloquent
spokesman.
In the wider world of European science
and scholarship--particularly in
Germany--he formed close relationships
with prominent natural and social
scientists.

His greatest impact on the development of a Filipino national consciousness,

however, was his publication of two novels--Noli Me Tangere (Touch me not) in 1886
and El Filibusterismo (The reign of greed) in 1891. Rizal drew on his personal
experiences and depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly
the abuses of the friars. Although the friars had Rizal's books banned, they were
smuggled into the Philippines and rapidly gained a wide readership.
 Rizal and Filipino Nationalism
Rizal is the Father of Filipino Nationalism.

1. Rizal showed interest in, and

exerted enough efforts to
ignite Filipinos’ interest in
History.
2. Rizal's novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo
became the bibles of
Philippine nationalism.
3. Rizal created La Liga Filipina
 La Liga Filipina
“Unus Instar Omnium”
(One Like All)

3/12/2015
… la liga filipina
 a political association of patriotic Filipinos founded
by Rizal to crusade for reforms.
 founded by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in a house at
Ilaya St., Tondo
 its constitution was written by Jose Rizal, helped by
Jose Ma. Basa
 Union of the
Archipelago Mutual
into a compact, protection in all
cases of
vigorous, and pressing
homogeneous necessity
body

Defense
… la liga against all
AIMS violence
filipina and
injustice

Study and Encouragement

of education,
application agriculture, and
of reforms commerce
… la liga
President
filipina
Ambrosio Salvador

Fiscal
Agustin dela Rosa

Treasurer
Bonifacio Arevalo

Secretary
Deodato Arellano
 ✔Andres ✔Moises Salvador
Bonifacio
✔Jose A. Dizon ✔Timoteo Paez
✔Apolinario
Mabini ✔Domingo Franco ✔Arcadio del
Rosario
✔Mamerto
✔Numeriano
Natividad
Andriano
✔Ambrosio
✔Timoteo Lanuza
Rianzares Bautista

Members … la
liga
… la liga filipina
However, three days after the founding of Liga
Filipina, Rizal was arrested by order of Governor
General Despujol

On July 6, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan-
known to be the Liga Filipina’s collapse.
 Is Propaganda Movement

3/12/2015
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