1

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

19 EL Section (I+II+III)
Engr. Ali Murad Jokhio

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

MUET, Jamshoro
2
LECTURE # 10

Steam Turbine

3
 WHAT IS TURBINE ?
• “The turbine is a prime mover in which gradual
change of momentum of fluid is utilized to
produce rotation of the shaft.”
• “The turbine is a machine in which a rotary
motion is obtained by the gradual change of
momentum of fluid.”
• “The turbine is a prime mover in which a rotary
motion is obtained by centrifugal force brought
into action by changing the direction of a jet of a
fluid escaping from a nozzle at high velocity.”
• If the steam is used as a working fluid, it is called
as Steam Turbine.
4
STEAM TURBINE

5
 STEAM TURBINE
Steam Turbine:
• The steam turbine is universally used as a prime mover in all steam
power plants.
• Steam turbine is a power unit which produces power
from a
continuous supply of steam.
• Its power generation capacity ranges from 1000 MW to 1500 MW.
• Thesteam being delivered to the turbine at high pressure
and
exhausted to condenser at low pressure.
• The way in which the overall pressure drop in the turbine occurs is a
characteristic of the particular design, which increase the kinetic
energy of the steam.
• Basically, the operation of steam turbines entirely depends on the
dynamic action of the steam, which is expanded through the nozzle or
fixed blades.
• and
Largecompressors.
type turbines are used for driving electric generators and ship
6
 STEAM TURBINE
• Main Components of Steam Turbine are:
1. Casing
2. Rotor
3. Blades
4. Stop and Control valve
5. Oil befell, Steam befell
6. Governor (Regulates / controls the speed of
any machine like turbine)
7. Bearings (Used to support the rotor of the turbine)
8. Gear box (used for power/motion transmission)
9. Oil Pumps (Increase the Pressure of Oil, used
for Lubrication purpose.)
7
 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINE
The Steam Turbines are generally
classified according to:
• Stages
• Direction of flow of Steam (Axial / Radial)
• Terminal Pressure
• Steam Pressure
• Source of Steam
The steam turbines are also classified as:
• Impulse Turbine (De-Laval Turbine)
• Reaction Turbine (Pure)
• Impulse-Reaction Turbine
8
 IMPULSE TURBINE
• An Impulse Turbine takes a high pressure, high
enthalpy fluid expands it in a fixed nozzle, and
then uses the rate of change of angular
momentum of the fluid in a rotating passage
to provide the torque on the rotor, as shown in
(Figure 11.1)
• In an impulse turbine, the pressure of steam is
reduced in the nozzle and remains constant,
while passing through the moving blades.
• The simplest type of Impulse Turbine is De-
Laval turbine. The other types are Curtis,
Rateau and Zoely Turbine.
9
 IMPULSE TURBINE
• The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that a jet of
steam from a fixed nozzle flows towards the rotor
blades and impels them in the forward direction.
• The velocity of steam is twice as fast as the velocity of
blade.
• The pressure drop takes place in the fixed blade (or
nozzle).

10
 IMPULSE TURBINE
• In these turbines first enthalpy of steam at
higher pressure is converted into kinetic energy
by passing through the nozzle.
• High velocity steam from nozzle impinges on
the blades which is fixed on the periphery of
the rotor.
• Blades change the direction of flow without
changing its pressure.
• Resulting rotative force (due to change in the
momentum) causes the rotation of the rotor or
turbine shaft.
11
IMPULSE TURBINE

12
 REACTION TURBINE
• A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam that flows
from a fixed blades (nozzle) on the rotor.
• Actually, the steam is directed into the moving
blades by the fixed blades, designed to expand the
steam.
• The result is a small increase in velocity over that of
the moving blades.

• The fixed and moving blades are used in Reaction

Turbine, while Nozzles are used in Impulse Turbine.
• In reaction turbine, fixed blades are acting as a
nozzle. (See Next Figure)
13
IMPULSE & REACTION TURBINE

14
 REACTION TURBINE
• The radial tubes which are connected to the supply tube,
are free to rotate about a vertical axis. The end of each
tube is shaped as a nozzle and the steam from the supply
tube expands through the nozzle to the atmosphere in a
tangential direction.
• There is an increase of velocity of the steam, the rate of
increase of momentum is provided by a force on the
steam from the nozzle walls in the direction of the steam
flow, an equal and opposite force acts on the nozzle walls
causing the tubes to spin round in a direction opposite to
steam flow, as shown in (Figure 11.4)
• In a Reaction Turbine the pressure is reduced in the fixed
blades as well as in moving blades. The velocity of steam is
increased in fixed blades and is reduced while passing
through the moving blades.
• The simplest type of Reaction Turbine is Parson’s Turbine.
15
REACTION TURBINE

16
 IMPULSE - REACTION TURBINE
• In impulse-Reaction turbine pressure drop takes
place in fixed blades.
• This drop in pressure gives the reaction to the moving
blades.
• Fixed blades are also known as guided blade.
• Fixed blade row works as stator and fixed in the
casing.
• Moving blade row works as rotor and fixed on shaft.
• When steam enters in whole blade annulus known
as Full dimension.
• Pressure decrease and velocity increase in fixed blade.
• Pressure drop and velocity drop in moving blades.
• 50% enthalpy drop in moving blade is called
17
50% degree of reaction.
SHAPE OF TURBINE BLADE

18
SHAPE OF TURBINE BLADE

Aerofoil type turbine blade 19

THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

20
 ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE
• A pump requires a greater work
input, and a turbine produces a
smaller work output as a result of
irreversibilities. Under ideal
conditions, the flow through these
devices is isentropic.
• The deviation of actual pumps and
turbines from the isentropic ones
can be accounted for by utilizing
isentropic efficiencies, defined as:

21
 EFFICIENCY OF STEAM TURBINE
Watch Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdPTuwKEfmA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouWOhk1INjo
• The ratio of the work done on the blades to the
energy supplied to the blades is known as Diagram
or Blade Efficiency.
• The ratio of the work done on the blades per Kg of
steam to the total energy supplied per stage per Kg
of steam is known as Stage Efficiency.
• The ratio of energy supplied to the blades per Kg of
steam to the total energy supplied per stage per Kg
of steam is known as Nozzle Efficiency.
Stage Efficiency = Diagram or Blade Efficiency x Nozzle
Efficiency or 𝜼𝒔 = 𝜼𝒃 × 𝜼𝒏
22
Any Question…??

THANK YOU..!

23