VARIOUS KINDS OF

PAVEMENTS
By
Daksh Sudhir Doulatram
8th Semester
Department Of Civil Engineering

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 What are Pavements?
Pavements are superimposed layers of processed
materials.
 Pavement types:
– Flexible (Asphalt Concrete)
– Rigid (Portland Cement Concrete)
 Special Purpose Pavements

- Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements

- Pervious Pavements

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 Functions of a Pavement
 To provide vehicle access between two points

More specific function for pavements:

 Access - Under all climatic conditions (drain)

 Durable - Sufficient structure for loads

 Safe - Adequate friction

 Smooth - Good ride quality, level

 Factors Affecting Pavement Design
 Traffic and Loading – contact pressure, wheel load, axle
configuration, moving loads and repetition of loads
 Materials of Construction –elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
resilient modulus
 Environment – temperature and precipitation
 Drainage
 Reliability
 Life-Cycle Costs

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 Types of Pavements

 Rigid Pavement – transfers wheel loads to sub grade by their

flexural strength
 Flexible Pavement – wheel loads transferred through grain to
grain contact
 Semi rigid pavements – consist of a layer of flexible pavement
over a rigid pavement.

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 Types of Flexible Pavement

 Conventional layered flexible pavement

– high quality material at top and low quality materials at
bottom
 Full - depth asphalt pavement
– bituminous materials directly on soil sub grade
 Contained rock asphalt mats (CRAM)
– dense/open graded aggregate are placed between two
asphalt layers
Flexible Pavement Cross Section

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 Layers of Flexible Pavement
 Surface Course
- usually dense graded concrete asphalt
- provides friction and drainage
- provides water proofing for lower layers
 Binder course

- aggregates having less asphalt

 Base course

- distributes loads and provides sub surface drainage

 Sub base course

- provides structural support

- reduces intrusion of fines from sub grade
 Sub grade

- compacted natural soil supporting all layers

 Flexible Pavement Design Method

 Determine the desired terminal serviceability, pt

 Convert traffic volumes to number of equivalent 18-kip single
axle loads (ESAL)
 Determine the structural number, SN
 Determine the layer coefficients, ai
 Solve layer thickness equations for individual layer thickness

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 Types of Rigid Pavements
 Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP)
- plane concrete pavements with closely spaced contraction
joints
 Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP)

- reinforcements to hold the slab together even after cracks

 Continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)

- complete elimination of joints

 Pre-stressed concrete pavement (PCP)
 Layers of Rigid Pavement

 Base or sub base course

 Portland Cement Concrete
 The Differences
Between Concrete and Asphalt

Concrete’s rigid structure spreads the load over a larger area and keeps
the pressure over the subgrade low.
The Differences Between Concrete
And Asphalt
 Better weight distribution means longer life for concrete
pavements.
 Concrete is a long-term pavement with little maintenance;
asphalt is a short-term pavement that requires periodic
maintenance (mill and overlay).

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 MODES OF FAILURE IN
PAVEMENTS
 Fatigue Cracking
 Rutting
 Shoving
 Pumping
FATIGUE CRACKING

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RUTTING

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SHOVING

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PUMPING

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 PERVIOUS PAVEMENTS
WHAT ARE PERVIUOS PAVEMENTS?
 Mix with no fine aggregates
 Voids in pavement allow water to flow through section
 Functions of Pervious Pavements

 Water Quality Treatment

 Reduces Runoff During Storms
 Reduces Heat Island Affect
 Benefits Trees and Landscaping
 Paved Surface
Applications of Porous Portland
Cement Concrete Pavement

 Public sidewalks
 Parking lots
 Park walkways
 Greenhouse Floors
 Surface Course for Tennis
Courts
 Design Considerations

 Hydrological considerations
- Rainfall expected
- Intensity of surface runoff
- Underlying Soil Properties
 Structural considerations
- Material Properties such as strength and stiffness
 Properties of Pervious Concrete
 Fresh properties
- slump less than 2 inches
- working time between mixing and placing around 1 hr
 Hardened properties
- density of 1600 – 2000 kg/m3
- permeability of 0.2 to 0.5 cm/s
- compressive strength between 3.5 to 28 Mpa
- flexural strength between 1 to 3.5 Mpa
- 50% to 80% of shrinkage within first 10 days
 Durability
- entrained air improves freeze thaw resistance
- lower abrasion resistance due to rough texture
Pervious Concrete Conventional Asphalt
CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
 CRCP Characteristics
They are pavements with no transverse joints with a large
amount of temperature steel to hold cracks.

 No joints
 Steel reinforcement bars
 Numerous transverse hair line cracks at 1m to 3m intervals

History
 First used in 1921

 Experimental sections in the 1940’s

 More than 28,000 miles in the USA

 Why Continuously Reinforced
Concrete Pavements?

 Smoothness
 Low maintenance cost
 No transverse joints which are generally costly to construct
and maintain
 Thinner slab thickness relative to jointed concrete pavement
 CRCP Design Considerations

 Concrete Flexural Strength

- 90 day flexural strength is used for design
 Modulus of subgrade reaction i.e. stiffness of sub grade
 Design load
 Traffic volume
CRCP Cross-Section
 Typical CRCP Design Features

 Concrete thickness (8 to 17 in.)

 Steel Content (0.5 to 0.8%)
 Depth to steel (3.5in to h/2)
 Crack spacing
natural vs. induced
 Steel Bar Size (#5, #6, #7)
 Grade 60 steel
 2-layer vs. 1-layer Steel
Aggregate Sub-base
Concrete Base
Single Layer Steel
Two-Layer Steel
Bar Splices
Natural Crack shapes and patterns
 CRCP Failure
 Deterioration of transverse cracks
 Punch outs
Mechanism of Punchout
Development
Punchout
THANK YOU

ANY QUESTIONS?