ACIDS AND BASES

Prepared by:
Dr. S. M Abu Raihan
Professor of Chemistry
General characteristics Of Acids and Bases
ACIDS BASES

1. Sour taste. 1. Bitter taste.

2. Produce pickling sensation on 2. Slippery feel.
the skin.
3. Change red litmus to blue.
3. Dissolve certain metal to give
Hydrogen gas. 4. Neutralize acids.
4. Change blue litmus to red.
5. Neutralize bases
Arrhenius Theory

• According to this theory, acids are substances that produced Hydrogen

ion H+ when mixed with water.
• Bases are substances that produced Hydroxide ion OH- when mixed
with water.
HCl ------------> H+ + Cl- NaOH ------------> Na+ + OH-

• Acid- Base Neutralization Reaction :

HCl + NaOH----------> NaCl + H2O
Acid Base Salt Water
Bronsted – Lowry Theory
• An acid is defined as a proton donor; and a base is a proton acceptor.
AH + B -------------> A- + BH+ AH = acid, B = base
Acid base base Acid

• An acid gives a proton to form a base and a base takes the proton to
form an acid.
HF + NH3 ------------> F- + NH4+
Acid base base acid
Lewis Theory

• n this theory, an acid is an electron pair acceptor and a base is an

electron pair donor.
• H+ + :NH3 ------------> [ NH4 ]+

• BF3 + :NH3 ------------> BF3-NH3

Acid base borontrifloride ammonia
Acid – Base Reaction in Water

Ionization of water can be shown as H2O ------------> H+ + OH-

Ionic Product of Water, Kw ------------>[ H+ ] x [ OH- ] = 10-14
[ H+ ] = [ OH- ]
[ H+ ] 2 = 10-14 [ H+ ] = 10-7 for pure water.
For acid ------------> [ H+ ] = 10-1 to 10-6
For base ------------> [H+ ] = 10-8 to 10-14
To measure easy pH scale is introduced. pH is defined as the negative logarithm
of hydrogen ion concentration pH = - log [ H+ ].
For acid, pH = 1 to 6 , for base, pH = 8 to 14 and for neutral pH = 7.
Acid – Base Titration
• Titration is the process of determining the Concentration of an
unknown Solution by a Standard Solution.
• Standard solution in Moalarity : Moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of
solution. 1 mole of Na2CO3 = 106 g dissolve in 1 litre of water = 1
Molar solution or 1M.
• When an acid solution is added dropwise to a base solution or vice-
versa, the acid and base react with each other to produce salt and
water. This is Neutralization Reaction.
• During titration, the solution in the flask is completely neutralized, the
point is known as end point of titration.
Acid Base Titation
INDICATORS
• During titration, some compound are added to the solution in the
flask to determine the end point of titration by colour change are
called Indicators. For example :
Indicators Colour in acidic Colour in basic
medium medium
Phenolphathelin colourless reddish violet
Litmus red blue
Methyl red red yellow
Methyl orange red yellow
Primary standard and Secondary standard

• Primary standard reagent (compound) can be weighted easily which

is high level of purity, non hygroscopic, non toxic, readily available. For
example : Na2CO3 , K2Cr2O7, Na2C2O4 etc. are used to prepare standard
solution.

• Secondary standard substance are standardized by the primary

standard substance. For example : HCl , NaOH etc.
Titration
Experiment
1. A measured volume of a base or acid of known concentration
( Molarity ) is added to a conical flask.
2. One or two drops of an indicator are added and mixed by shaking of
flask.
3. A buret is filled with acid or base solution of unknown Molarity
( concentration ).
4. The stopcock of the buret is opened and slowly added to the solution
in the flask with constant shaking. The stopcock is closed at the end
point of titration by changing colour.
Molarity of acid x Volume of acid = Molarity of base x Volume of base