ECE3013 – Linear Integrated Circuits

MODULE-III
OP-AMP
WITH DIODES
 UNIT-III

Logarithmic
Logarithmic Amplifiers
Amplifiers

Rectifiers
Rectifiers

OP-AMP WITH Peak

Peak Detector
Detector
DIODES
Voltage
Voltage Regulation
Regulation

LM117/LM317
LM117/LM317 Regulators
Regulators
LOG AMPLIFIER

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 LOG AMPLIFIER
 Log amplifier is a linear circuit in which the output voltage will be a
constant times the natural logarithm of the input.
 The basic output equation of a log amplifier is Vout = K ln(V in/Vref);
where Vref is the constant of normalization, and K is the scale factor.
 Log amplifier finds a lot of application in electronic fields like
multiplication or division (they can be performed by the addition and
subtraction of the logs of the operand), signal processing, computerized
process control, compression, decompression, RMS value detection etc.

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 LOG AMPLIFIER
 Basically there are two log amp configurations: Op amp-diode log
amplifier and Op amp-transistor log.

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 LOG AMPLIFIER

 The schematic of a simple Op amp-diode log amplifier is an op amp

wired in closed loop inverting configuration with a diode in the feedback
path.

 The voltage across the diode will be always proportional to the log of
the current through it

 When a diode is placed in the feedback path of an op amp in inverting

mode, the output voltage will be proportional to the negative log of the
input current.
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 LOG AMPLIFIER
 Since the input current is proportional to the input voltage, we can say
that the output voltage will be proportional to the negative log of the
input voltage.

 According to the PN junction diode equation, the relationship between

current and voltage for a diode is,
Id = Is (e(Vd/Vt)-1)…………(1)
Where Id is the diode current,
Is is the saturation current,
Vd is the voltage across the diode
Vt is the thermal voltage.
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 LOG AMPLIFIER
 Since Vd the voltage across the diode is positive here and Vt the thermal
voltage is a small quantity, the equation (1) can be approximated as
Id = Is e(Vd/Vt)…………………(2)
 Since an ideal op amp has infinite input resistance, the input current I r
has only one path, that is through the diode. That means the input
current is equal to the diode current Id.
=> Ir = Id ………………….(3)
 Since the inverting input pin of the op amp is virtually grounded, we can
say that Ir = Vin/R

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 LOG AMPLIFIER
 Since Ir = Id (from equation (3) )
Vin/R = Id …………………..(4)

 Comparing equation (4) and (2) we have

Vin/R = Is e(Vd/Vt)
i.e. Vin = Is R e(Vd/Vt)……………(5)

 Considering that the negative of the voltage across diode is the output
voltage Vout, we can rearrange the equation (5) to get
Vout = -Vt In(Vin/IsR)

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Anti-LOG AMPLIFIER
RECTIFIER

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 RECTIFIER
 A major limitation of ordinary diode is that it can’t rectify the voltage
below 0.6V (v*), the cut-in voltage of the diode

 A circuit that act as a ideal diode can be designed by placing a diode in

the feedback loop of op-amp

 Here the cut-in voltage is divided by the open-loop gain of the op-amp.
So that cut-in voltage of diode is virtually eliminated

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RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

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PEAK DETECTOR

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 PEAK DETECTOR
 Peak detector is a circuit that produces an output equal to the positive
or negative peak value of the input voltage

 The function of peak detector circuit is to compute the peak value of

the input signal and stores the highest value on the capacitors

 If peak value will be gets updated for new peak value and this value will
be stored until the capacitor discharges
 Applications: Test & measurement instrumentation, AM comm.

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 PEAK DETECTOR
 The basic building blocks required for peak detector circuit
1. Analog memory (capacitor) to store the charge proportional to the peak
value

2. A unidirectional switch (Diode) to charge the capacitor when new peak

arrives at the input

3. A voltage follower circuit (op-amp) for making the capacitor charge to the
input voltage
4. A switch (MOSFET) to periodically reinitialize the output to zero

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PEAK DETECTOR

Positive Peak Detector

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 PEAK DETECTOR
 When input Vi exceeds Vc, the voltage across the capacitor, the diode
D id forward biased and circuit becomes a voltage follower
 The output voltage Vo follows Vi as long as Vi exceeds Vc

 When Vi drops below Vc the diode becomes reverse biased and the
capacitor holds the charge till input voltage again attains a value greater
than Vc

 The circuit can be reset by connecting MOSFET switch across the

capacitor

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 PEAK DETECTOR

Output Vo corresponding to the input Vi

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CLIPPER

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 CLIPPER

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 CLIPPER

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CLAMPER

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CLAMPER

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CLAMPER

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 VOLTAGE
REGULATIOR

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 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 All electronics circuit need DC power supply either from battery or
power supply units

 In an unregulated power supply , the output voltage changes whenever

the input voltage or load changes

 The function of voltage regulator is to provide a stable DC voltage for

powering others electronic circuits

 A voltage regulator should be capable of providing substantial output

current
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 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 The ideal regulated power supply is an electronic circuit designed to provide
a predetermined DC voltage which is independent of the load current and
variations in the input voltage

 The DC voltage power supplies are employed to provide a stable DC voltage

independent of load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations and
to attenuate the ripple

 The commonly used voltage regulators can be classified into

(i). Linear voltage regulators
(ii). Switching regulators

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 The linear regulators are classified into two categories
(i). Series regulators
(ii). Shunt regulators

 The control elements connected in series or in shunt with the load

identifiers the circuit as a series or a shunt voltage regulators

 The linear voltage regulators are available for fixed positive or negative
voltages and variable positive or negative voltage

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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VOLTAGE REGULATORS

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 LM117/LM317
REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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LM117/LM317 REGULATORS

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THANK YOU