G EOTECHNIC S A ND STRU CTUR E L ABO RATORY

(B FC 3190 1)

GROU P 4 SECTI ON 1 2

MEMBERS MATRIC NO.

(AF180121)
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN SYAFIQ BIN MOHD SALLEH

(CF190096)
NUR NADIRAH BINTI NORAZMAN

(CF190114)
QURRATUL BAITI BINTI NOORASMADI

(CF190115)
RABIYATUADAVIAH BINTI MOHAMED
 TITLE : INFLUENCED LINE OF STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURE.

INTRODUCTION
• An influence line for a given function, is a graph that shows the variation of forces that function at any
given point on a structure due to the application of a unit load at any point on the structure.
• important in designing beams and trusses
• can be used even when the load that will be applied is not a unit load or if there are multiple loads applied.

OBJECTIVE
• To determine the maximum Shear forces and bending moments developed in members.
• To determine the location of maximum values due to application of loads.
Laboratory scope
• Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures.
The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting
all applied loads without failure during its intended life.
• Code of practice use is Eurocode 2 : Reinforced Concrete Design.

Significance of laboratory
• students will illustrate the use of influence lines through the influence lines that they have obtained
• most important use of influence line is finding out the location of a load for which certain response
will have a maximum value.
• Students will able to know that Influence lines can be used not only for concentrated forces, but for
distributed forces as well
 LAB 1: SHEAR FORCE & SHEAR STRESS IN
BEAM

INTRODUCTION
• Beam is a horizontal structure element which withstand loading by resisting against bending.
• Shear force - Resultant force acting on any part of the beam in perpendicular to its longitudinal x
axis
• Shear stress - force applied on per unit area of the member

OBJECTIVES
• To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load.
• To determine the shear force and shear stress of the beam at the cut-section.
APPARATUS
• Load
• Digital force display
• Beam tester

PROCEDURE
1. Make sure the digital force display meter is zero when no load applied.
2. A hanger with 100g mass was placed at left of the ‘cut’.
3. Record the digital force display.
4. Repeat the procedure by using 200g, 300g, 400g and 500g.
5. The mass was converted into load (N).
6. Calculate the theoretical shear force at W.
7. Sketch the graph to compare the theoretical and experimental value, load versus shear force.
 RESULTS

Load

W1 W2 W3 Theoretical
Experimental
Load Case shear force
shear force (N)
g N g N g N
(N)

1 100 0.98 100 0.98 100 0.98 1.10 1.07

2 60 0.59 80 0.78 60 0.59 0.70 0.71

3 40 0.39 20 0.20 40 0.39 0.30 0.37

 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION

W1 W2 W3
Support Support
A B

140 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 200 mm

L = 580 mm

   
Convert g to N: for 100g Reaction at support: for all Load Case
•  
For Load Case 1,
• W1 = W2 = W3 = 100g = 0.98 N

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

FIGURE 1: Graph Shear Force Vs Mass
 LAB 2: BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM

INTRODUCTION
• bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment
is applied to the element, causing the element to bend.
• moment created by external forces (and external moments) must be balanced by the couple
induced by the internal loads
• The bending moment at a section - defined as the sum of the moments about that section of all
external forces acting to one side of that section.

OBJECTIVES
 To examine how bending moment varies with an increasing point load.
 To examine how bending moment varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading
condition.
APPARATUS

Bending Moment Apparatus Load

PROCEDURE :
1. Check the digital force display meter reads zero with no load.
2. Carefully load the beam with the hanger in any position and loads.
3. Convert the force reading to bending moment (Nm).
4. Calculate the support reaction (RA and RB) and theoretical bending moment the cut.
 RESULTS
Vx (N) Mx (N.mm)
LOAD CASE laboratory
calculation laboratory calculation
F
F (N)
(N) F
1
1 1.07
1.07 1.10
1.10 0.1498
0.1498 1.30
1.30 0.1625
0.1625
(300g)
(300g)
2
2 0.71 0.70 0.1000 0.90 0.1125
(200g) 0.71 0.70 0.1000 0.90 0.1125
(200g)
3
3 0.37 0.30 0.0518 0.40 0.0500
(100g) 0.37 0.30 0.0518 0.40 0.0500
(100g)
 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS

• Using cut section method from right side to get the bending moment at cut section.
• Bending moment diagram : draw using area method

• For load case 1 : 300 g

Reaction at Support: -
 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

CALCULATION FOR CUT SECTION

FIGURE 2: Graph Load Vs Bending Moment
 CONCLUSION

• From the experiments, the theoretical value are used to

determine the force in beam, then the detail of shear force and
bending moment diagram are produced.
• The value obtained can be used in designing detailing of beam
and analysis of the type of beam that are suitable to be
proposed.
• The objectives for both experiment are achieved.
 REFERENCES

1. Braja M.Das, (2011). Principles of Structure Engineering. 9th Edition. British.

2. Robert D.Holtz, (2010). A Introduction to Structure Engineering. 2nd Edition.
British
3. Robert W.Day, (2009). Structure Engineers Handbook. 2nd Edition. United
Stated.