CHAPTER

9
MissingPersonsandDisaster
Victim IdeetificationEEorte

Kinstio analyst and pareetage testing typically involve one sample being comparer to anotier sample or
to a few samplrt with a soecific relationsOin question in mind. Thit ctaa- tee will review efforte with
missing persons investinations and disaster victim idevtification sityationt where a set of remains is being
camparef te maap diderevt samplet, whicC intro- dues ampin" lever of camplevita bepsnd l he cCailevges of
imsaC) analyst.

MISSING PERSONSINVESTIGATIONS
An estimated 40,000 uniOevtified human remains have beer recavereV and are ccrrevtly loccie(l in
meeical examinee aad coronert’ offices around the Uniter States (Rtter 2007). Evero peer in the Uniter
States, tens of thousaadt of peeple are reeortee “missing,” oftee undee sosoiout circemstagcet. While some
of thesa missing persons are later locatee alive througg law enforcement Sfortt, manp became uniOevtiOed
humaa remains that resultep from criminal activity, ouch as rate and murOer. Knowlepgc of who the victim
is can hely solve theso crimes and bring closure ta familict of the missing.
There are three cateporiet of samplet associates with missing persona cases: direct reCet- excc samplet,
fnriily reCerevcc samplet, and uniOextialee humaa remain (UHR) samplet. The UHR samplet are 06X6110
steleyl remaint (Uonet), teeth, °e tissue. Muct of the data
erommissinagersoninvestioationsisintheeormofmitoceondrialDNAsequexcessincethis information car be
successfuliy recovered from hioOiy depradep samplet. Mitoceondriai
DNAalsoevaglesaccesstaalaraeraumberofreCerevcesampleserommateraalrelahvesoCa victim (see
Chagtcrl4).
Some possibie direct reCerevcc samples include mepicai samples from the missing indO viOuai, suet as
a newborn screexing bloodso°t or a bio°so sample. Persona, effeett, ouct as a toothbrosO ot hairOrosO,
mag also proviOe direct referexcc samplet. Famity reCerevcc
samplescanbeeuccalsoagsfromcloseeiolo°icalrelatives,suceasuarexts,ceildrex,or

AdvancefTopicsinForens.icDNATyping:MeOiodo]
ooy. 271 © 2212 Elsevier tnc. A riohts reservef.
DOdlO. 1 01 6/B974-0--12-37455-2.00009-2
 272 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

siblings of the missing individual. More distant relativeo, soch as maternal aunts, maternal or paternal
uncleo, oe maternal or paternai cousins, con also br useful if mitochondrial or Y-chromosome DNA testing
are performed. Ter combined eveluation ot samplrs frommore llian onr close relative cor Irlp provide grertrr
conUdercc in such kinsAinanalysea
DNA dataUasrt COU plry an important roir in relying to iVevtifu missing indivinuait ovee timr. W'len a
famiiy membrr gore missing, DNA samplrt con br oVtaineV from direot referevcc samplrt or biological
relativeo DNA profiles from tliese samples woulO thev br uuloaded to tlie datarase ard serrcher aaainot
DNA profiles from uniVevtifieV Inutian remains in an cffoi'i to maar ar association to a missing indiviVuai.
Maty statee wiViin tlie Uniter Statee ard natione around tlie worlO are berinning to esiablisl) missing person
datayasrt to evayir matching of recoverer remaine to their famiiy membero Tie National DNA Inder System
(NDII) dischsser in Ciatter 8 also containe indices to iely witii miss- ing persons investivationt. Figure 9.1
illustrates tliese indices ard puiposrs of seerchrs betweer tliem.
InayefforttoeelymayeconnectionsUehveerfamilymembersaydtlleirmissinarelai
tives,in2007tlleU.S.govemmertestaylisUeraNationalMissingaydUnidertialerPersont System
(NamUt) wersite at etta://www.namus.gov/1 NamUt is composer of two sett of recoret—
amissinggersonsUatayase(etth://www.flndthemissing.ora)aydayuniVevtialer persont
datatase (ettas://idextifyys.ora/)—tliat are cross-matcher ayaintt one anotlieei
TeemissinggersonsUatayasecontainsinformationthatconbeevtererbythereveralyubi
licreraraingayindiviVuaUveoeasuonemissing.Onlymericalexaminersandcoronert
coyevterinformationintllevnidevtialerpersonsUatayase,weichdescriVesUodieseound
butnotyyvVevtialer.However,asuoterontheNamUswersite,anyynecoysevrchthevnV
devtialerpersonsUatayasevsingcharacteasUcssuchasser,race,distinctaodyyeatures,and
evevdevtalinformation.TeeNamUswersitevrovidestllecayayilitytogrintamissinggeei
sonsuosterwithtllemissingindrVVua^suame,aisornerneota,andcontactinformation for invesUvatort or
familymembert.

.■••••■ 4 ■•••••..

ConUrmaticni of relativrt
and MP relationsUin

MP Index UHRIndex Relatives index

Personal Effects from UniVeetified Human Biologic! Relatives of

Missing Peoons (MP) Remains (UHR) Missing Peoono

Re-association Searching foe

Searching foe of remaint kinshin
direch match
association

FIGURE 9.1 Searches conducter witii missing persons DNA datayaseu

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 DIsAsAER VICTIMIDEnTIfICATIonfDVI) 273
AsofD)ecember2010,NamUslisted7538unidentifiedhumanremainscases,oIwhich7214 (almosa 96%)
were stili ofee. Of die 304 cesec closed, 05 (oe aboui 8%) had beer aided by
NamUs.Atthesainetime,teeinissingpersonsOatabasedsted5889chseswith49100ustovee
83%)sAnooed.OWded75cesesclosedN4D-5%)hadbeedaidedbytdeNamUswedsite.

DISASTER VICTIMIDENTIFICATION (DVI)

Mas diastere, whether natural oe maa-maae, tea invelve loss of lite Woe maay victime of tde iaaedy.
EWorts ta idedAfo these victims are rederred ta as disastao vicdm identidcatiov, or DVI.
IntUeUnitedStates,NNAtestineeasoowbecemerovtinedbdedpectedindisastervichm
iOedtidcetionintUeevedtofablabecrasOOaraefireNrterroristattach.Militarycesoaltiesare alse iOedtialed
^01^11 STR typine oe mitochondrial DNA sequedcine by die Armed Forces DNA IdedtiCicetion Laaoratoiy
(DFDIL). Ali airelaae cras0es widiin die United Statee are examined bp die Nationai Trabsoortabov SaSeta
Board dnio://\vwwAisOAo\h wdiidi ofted centracti wita AFDH to idedtilo tac air crasT victims tarouee DNA
testine as part of llie investination.
Ofted mass disasters leave eiuman remads taai are literaliv in pieces or burned beptnd recoenidon. In
some cases tt is possdie ta visTaliv idedtdt a victim, but bodp parti cat be seaarated from one avotacr and
tae remains cemineled makine idedtifeation witaouS DNA techniduet virtaaliv impossible. Tlie use of
fineerorivts aad dedtai reGeres (odontoloep) stili
playsanimportabtroleivvictimidedtialcationbuttaesemodalitiesoeviouslyreduireaalneer
orabivtactsaullorjawbovealonewitUpreviouslyprchiveXfineerprivtanddedtalrecardt.
DNA testine lias a majoe adventaae in taai ti cea be used ta idedtiff eacei and eveiy poe-
tiovoftUeremaivsrecavereXeromdleXisastersite,provided) 1 )tUattUereissufficiedtivtaoS DNA presedi to
oblaa) a DNA type aad (0) a rederedee sampie is availaVie foe cemparison pureoses from a servivine famCo
membee or some verialaVle personal item centainine bio- loeical material. Personal items erom tac
deceased includine tootUbresaet, cembs, razors, oe eved di rip laundre ran provide bioloncai materiai to
eederate a rederedee DNA type foo tae victim. T'lie direet cemparison of DNA resulta from disasteo victim
remains ta DNA recev- ered from personal items (Fieure 9.2a) hedresedti tae easiest was ta ovtain a matd—
aad lieece as idevtialcatiov—provided O: is possdie ta veriea tae source DA. tae tootabresA was not used
bp some oVier houseVolU membee). Tlie use of DNA from bioloncai relatives (Fieure 9.2b) necessitates tae
added camplevid of kinsAin analysis similae to taai dmpiopddooepaedennepoeededeedpaedneaededeenneA
DVI aOvato involves cemparison of post-mortem (DM) and ante-mortem (DM) data. PM data are
eederated from tae reetvered eumaa remains, which mas be hivniv fraamedted dededdine on tae type oO
disasteo AM data come from eitaee direet rederedee samples (a.,., tootabresaes oe razors known to belone to
tae victim) or kinseid cemparisons to biolovicei relatives (a.,, paredt, COIIV, oe sibline).
DVI is mud more complicoteV taas paredtaae testine becease taere are so manp more cemparisons taat
are beine made dededdine on tae numbee of victims involved. In addO tion, tae qualia of tae recevered
fiumas remains mas be cempromised dededdine on tae type of disaster and aus partiai oe mixed DNA
proOiles mas resuii. DNA statistics foe DVI work are usaaliy besi rearesedted wii yOeddood ratios becease
SUX permita DNA resulta

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

274 9. Missing PERsont AvD DIsAsTER VICTIM

(a) Directcomparison D7S820 CSF1PO

D5S818 D13S317 I
D16S539
DNA profile from
mass
victim .................
disaster
11 .JU. Jf 11 .1 PertaD
AA
DI 0
$
D tid
3 n

DNA protletrom 94 1
direct reference
11 II 1 hA
s g0
V
(toothbrosO believed ta haw O OO

13 11 9 11
belonged to the victim) 13 14
13 9 10
D13S317 D7S820 D16S539 33 CSF1PO Pertc D

(b) KinsOicanalysis
victim ------- v D5S818
? —r-^wiCed

son

8,13 8,13 819 10,13 8,10 wiCc

11,13

son
11,13 8,14
8,9(father)
----'victim
?134 91? ?,13 ?130 91? 9,13 10,10
Predicted 11,1 oo 9,10
victim protic ?,13
13,13
Mass disastco 33134 919 33133 30130 9,13 actuae
victim protic proUc

FIGURE 9.2 Examplr demonstrating he uso oa reference samplrs ic masi disastrr victim idertiCcahon using DNA typing. (a)
Direct camparison invvlvrs analysis of a direct refererca sample from some kind of personal effect of ths victim, (b) KinsOin analysis
utilizes closo biologictl relativeo, 1uch as thosa illustrated in Figure 9.3, C rectn- struct a victim’s DNA protic.

to br cambined between multinV genedc systems as well as ofCre non-DNA evideecc using Bayesian
statistic.
DNA testing Sas been used ta Sely identify victims ot numerout airline crasOet, tae vc- Sims ot terroritC
attacko, recaveren remains from mass gravet, and in a more limiten fast- Son in naturai disastees liCe the
Southeast Asic Tsunami in December 2004 and Hurricane Katrina that CWUCC New Orledys in
August2005,
Severai dochmenW haw been publisUen with lessons iearuen trom previous DVI worO (AABB 2013,
Budowie eC at. 2005, Lessic eC at. 2011, NIJ 2006). The Interoationai Society of Foretsc Genetics (IIFG)
publisOed 13 recammendations tor DVI worO (Prinz et at. 3007) (D.N.A. Box 9.3).

ISSUES FACEDDURING DISASTER VICTIM

IDENTIFICATION EFFORTS

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 There are several important aspects of mass fatality incidents that will be discussed prior to moving icta
examples oa victim idevtidicuhoc efforts through DNA testing in recent mass disasters. Thr areas mcludc
cullectioc oi reCerevce samples and Oederai assistaace provrams. The Natiotai ^18.0110 ofOustice has
publisPea two documeats to providr additional inOoe- matiot OC mass disastee mvestidations: Mass
Fatality Incidents: A Guide for Humat Forensic

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 tesuEsfACEDDuRIngDIsAsTERVICTIMIDEnTIflCATIonEfroR
D.N.A. BOX 9.1
ISFGRECOMMENDATIONSONDISASTER
VICTIMIDENTIFICATION
T
In the inaugural issue of the journal Forensic
Science International: Genehcu, the IIFG DNA
Commission puUlisAeh 12 recom- mendahonf on
disaster victim iOentificotion (DVI using DNA (Pine
nt ai. 2007):
1 Recommendation # 1: Even forensic
DNAlaUoratorysUouldmaaecneffoai
tocontacttherelevvntauthoritydecling
withemergehcoresuonsecndestaUlisU
invvlvvmehtinauossi01emassfatalite
prenareclness plau. Policy decisions atoui sample
collecOon, scop aud Imai gools oo lie efton will
affect lie- victims’ families aud 11IC worn strenm
and sAouIV Oc decOed as enriy as possiblc.
1
Recommendation #2: TCc intemai resaonsc plaa
neecls te address
througCput caaacity, tampic traciing,
andmusthavvnamesofsupervisort
respontibleCornif^erehttasktthatare
uudatehasuersonnelcaauges.
T
Recommendation#3Deveralsample
tyyesUeeTaaielin Pinzetal.2007
forDNAtestingsUouldOetaaehatthe
eerliest possibic staac OVthe investioahon
previnen mateed traceaUility is guaranteed.
Samples must Oe collectecl Irom ecci Oody oe
recognizaaie
Oody part, even if inenhty is alreaay
estaUlisUeh. Prooer Aoraae must Oe assured
:L
Recommendation#4:Multinlehireai
reCerenccs aad samples I'rooi Orsi-
dehreerelahvessUouldOecolleciehfoe
eacamissingnerson.2ciehtistSAity
a Oacaground in gehetias sCoulC Oe avvilaUie
tor eraining or tor consultations in the famiiy
liaison group
ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY
275
Recommendation#5 :DVIDNAtesting
sUovldonlyyehereormecy>ylaVoratoves with
demonstrateC successiul eauaUiliVes aad
continuous experienco with thesu suecineh
sampletyyes.
1
Recommendation #6: TCe set of looi te
OeanalyzehCastoOeinehtibehassoon at
possil>C' in cancarnance with the sciehtine
communite in the countries mostly
invvlven. A minimum oO 12 indededdeni loci
sUoulC Oe selected at
standarnset,eutanevengreaternumOer oO
looi isureferreh.
1
Recommendation #7: All allele colls and
allcoudinatematcaesUavetoVerevieweh
thorovghly.CompositeDNAproalescen Oe
generated if derived from tha same
suecimenandcansistentforoverlanping lod.
TCe duplicohon polico SAOUIV
cansinertaelogisticsandcircamstances of tha
mass eatalityincineni.
1
Recommendation #8: If the staldae autosomal
STR tyying fails te give sufficiene ineormayov,
eaditional tyying system suci as mtDNA, Y-
caromosomV STRs,ernNPmarOersmayyenseViv
selecteVcoses.
T
Recommendation#9:DcentralizeV yataVase is
aevuireV evr all date cempavsov.
Electronio uulvay is recommended ty avein
travscvvOov errors.
1
Recommendation #10: Esuecialiy iC
multinlefamilymemOersareinvolved, DNA
-based iVentiVcetion SAOUIV wCenevee
possiOie Oe aucaoreV Oy antarovologicel and/or
circamstantial
data,esecandinedtiVcetionmodality,oe
multinie DNAreferences.
276 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

D.N.A. BOX 9.1 (cont’d)

1
Recommendation # 11: In DVI work,
DNA statistics ark best represented ao
likelihood raios tiat rermit DNA reoulto ta bn
combined among multiole genedo
systemsorWtaotaerkon-DNAevihencn
Likelihood ratio taresyolds SUOUIO br
determined for ween DNA dataalonr coa
suffice for aa ihentihcotion; this will Or based
on tie size and circumstaacrs
(e.g.closenversusoren)oftheevent.Ali
evidence and/or circumstaacrs sioulO bn
checked ih making anihentihcotion,
eveniffoNArravihestaenkmaryorsoir
evidentiara foctoe.
i Recommendation #12: Tie rrenarednest rlaa
of tic laaoratore needs to includr rolicirs for
family notihcaioni long-term
samrO disuosition, and data arcliiving.
Source:
Prinza ML., ai at. (2007). DNA Commission ofotie
Intea-nationat Oociety of Forensic Genetice (ISFG):
Recom- mondationi mgardinc tie rota of forensic
genePae foo disAtao victim idendCcation (DVI).
Forensio Science InterkaionaO Geneicsi 2 1—12.

Identikcatioz Drepared by tie National Centre foe Forensie Science, NII 2005) aad Lessons Leamep foom
9/11: DNA IdentiVcatioz in Mass Fatality Incidente Dreparep by tie WorlO Trade Center Kinsain aad Data
Analysis Patel, NII 2006).

CollecOon of ReCerence Samplet

In orkee ta be aate ta iaentifo victimt of mass fatalita incihentt, opt'dace samples are needed in orkee ta
sect out DNA rrofilcs oftained from recovvred remaint. 1f possible, V is rmSemaie ta oftain rersonai electa
tiat enaaic a direet match ta a victim Fiaure 9.1a:. Teese rersonai effecti maa be in tie form of a used razoe,
eaimrdsU, tootObrdsU, dirta laan- dm, re otier items tiat were eaadled soleio by tic victim aad from weicli
usatle biologcai material maa be recovvred ta generate a DNArmOilc.
Living biologicae relatives caa also rroviVe needed aad viluaaic reCerence samrles. Immediate relatives
including siblings, ramnts, aad children are tic most effectivi indireet reference samrles (Figure 9.1). More
eatended famVo members caa rroviVe eelrfue samrles tioufg iC mitochondriri DNA or Y-CCI'oitiosoitic
testing is rer-ormed.
KinsAih samrles can also eelo canCirm tic viliVita of rersonai efecte received foe a miss- tng
indiviVuaO Often a lengtiy aad camrlicated aaministrativi review of DNA resuOe aad reference samrec
chain-of-ckstody is needed ta wrify boti direct ieference samrles from rersonai eged’ aad indirect ieferences
from kinsAin samrles ta enaaic caoffoesce inrepod- tng DNA iVentialcations (sec Hennessep2002:.

FeCeralAssistanceinDisasterCituations
TeeDisasterMortiaryOrerationalResronseTeam(DMORT)isaZederallyfundedarouu
ofprofessionalsAitiedperienceindisastervictimiVentialcationtiatOecomesrctivited

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 tsuEsfACEDDuRIngDIsAsTERVICTIMIDEnTIfICATIonEfroR 277

FIGURE 9.3 Direct biological relatives that can provide valuable reference samples for aiding identification oI the missing
individual. Idealle ampins are avvilable Irom multiolc relatives to ado estabOsA roOust kinsAio- A sample Irom a saousa is onio
vvluablc in cannection witi a ctilO’s sample in orOcs to determine tic expected alleles coming Irom tic missing individual. OI course,
more extenden famile members, wtii direct materoal or pateroal linkaas can provide aeleful samples wCd mitodiondrial DNA or Y-
caromosomr tesAng is performed Samplrs Irom extenden famile members tiat WOUIU br vvluaHe for ter materoalle trabsmitten
mitocaondrial DNA are indicateX in dasAedboxes.

in resoonso ta a majoe disaster in tire United States (see etti://www.SrnoA.sro. DMORT is part oI tee
National Disaster Medical System, U.S. Defartment of Healti asd Hum Sesices, asd cat be activeted by one
of Ioue meteodt: (1) a requett for assistabce Irom a local official tirouge tire Federal Emeroenca
Mababemedt Agenca (FEMA) WCCD a Iederal disaster fas been declared, (2) a requett eoe assistasoe from
tic National TrabsuoAabox Safety BoarO wfen a passenger aircraIt accident occoru (2) undeo tire U.S.
Public Hexltfi Aat te suupoot a state or focclity tiat calnot provide tic necessaty resAonsA te a disasteo, asd
(2) wfen requested by a Iederal atency, SUCO at tie FBI, te provide
disasteo victim identiVicction.
UsAalie witiiv 24 te 48 COUCS aftce tie disasteo, tie DMORT team it set uu te provide professional
uersonnel asd tecOniccl suppoet and assistant te tire local medical examinee or ccroneo in forensic serviced
asd victim identiVicction. Tee team it composed of forensic pateolooistt, forensic anthroxolooists, forensic
dentistt, medicci investivatort, funeral dvee- tort, asd otico tecOniccl suppoOstaff
Dental reccrOt asd X-rayt along witi fingerorintt are normalie tie priitivy metiodt used in victim
iVentialcction. DNA will be used at a latt resoot asd onio aftee all coinvin tionai meant oI identification are
expassted. DMORT does not perform DNA testing but eatier gatiers samples Ioo future DNA testing, often
by a laSoratoiy sued as A1F ,')l L
FEMA provides funding Ioo tie DNA iVentialcction effoet along witi otiee asueett oI a disasteo
investivation after an official declaration oI a majoe disasteo or state oI emeroenco ISS been declared by tie
President of tie United States following a refuest eor sued a dee- taraion from tic goverooe oI tic affected
state. Teis “state oI emeroenco” declaration tien activvtes a numbes of federal urograms ta assist in tic
resuonse asd reccvety effort (see atto://www.fema.sov).

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

278 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

Why Identify Remains of Victims?

Perhapo some wonder why the limited and precious resource? of law enforcement and forensic
laboratories are devoted th the chaPecgng edoh of iOectifying the remains of disastec victims. Athouug a
variety of eeasoos cep be citee, theee aee two peimaey eeasons that impaet living famila membees. First in
mapyjuhsaichoos, tome lorm of inedtifichpoo is reduVed beeore a death certifichte cen be issuee that
edaples remaining oamne membero th collet on liCc insurapce |uilicico. Secend, the tving oamne
membero maa watt the remains oo then eovee one reWmed th bring closure th the Wapedy atd th provide a
prooer burial atd memoriai service foe theie relaave. Ao notee by BblapWye (1997), here seems to
be an overwlielming
desiredymapyrelaPvestoreWieveevedtWemostminischletissuesampleafalovedone.

Cfialleeges with DNA Ieentincation oO Victimo

Occesionallo there are no known or living biologicel relatives oe all immeeiate membero oo a famila are
among the victims mating it difOchlt te associate the remains or te cenneet them te a voliV reference sample.
An additionai cliallenge cen came with simpie loceting surviving famVa members or cemmuniceting with
them in the ceso of an international disastee.
UnOortunately, there cen be challedges in dealing with famVa members oO disastee vie- tims sud as
famUa disuutes (e.g. oeeding famVa members fighting ovec wlio is eetitlee te the recevered remains) oe
discevero of illeeitimate relationsUins wliee biological non- paterhiw is demonstratee eoc someene wlio
previovsia thouglit that thee were the fathee oe the COVC OO a victim. Care must be tatex by the laporatoro
directoe oe other iaporatoro pee- sonnC wlio mat internet directie with the families OO victims to be
sedsitive to their grieving processes.
Collection OV biolovicei material from a disastee site is sometimes apything but triviai. Foe
example, Va plate goes down at tec (e.g., Swissair fliglH 111, tee below), esAeciaHe io deee watee, thee
recevera OV the remains cen be quite 016X0010 By the wy nature OV he disastee, there is tyyicelic damate
done to the biological samples and hevea the DNA moi- ecoles contained therein. Extreme evvironmevtai
cenditions both during atd aftee the dis- aster impaet the qualih OV the recevered remains so that the DNA
mat be degraded, whichi cat cemplicete DNA analysis atd intereretation by the latoratore. As descriVed in
Chaptec 10, defraded DNA gives rise to partiai profiles, which then lowee the statistics of a matd beceuse
not all loci tested can bereforted.

Traama th Laaoratory Personnei

Being exxosed to laroe numbers of batie damated euman remains cat eave a psyclio- togicei impaet on
latoratoro personnei. In addition, loved ones mat be among those WIIO died mating it difficuit to cave with
the rigors OV careful latoratoro worO. Strain cat be placed on the latoratoro by politicai officiais atd the
news media to produce resultt rapidiy and to give revulae uudates OC provress.

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 EARlyExAMPlEsofDVIusIn.gDnA 2 79

EARLY EXAMPLESOF DVI USING DNA

In the following pageo, several maso disaster situations are highlighted where STR typing proved to be a
veluagie mevas Ovr idevtifying humaa remains Orom bum victims, airolaae crasOes, terrorise acts, and
mass grave sites. In these ccses, STR typing was successfully performed in suite of heave damaae info'-V bp
a higg-temperature One (BraacC Davidiav cempound in Wace, Texas, April 1993) oe severe watee damage
Birolgnr crgsO of Swissair Flight 111 neae Nova Scetin, Sevtembre 1998). Idedtificetion oO OIX victims
oO mas, disastere, such n OIX terrorist attaces of Sertemirr 11, 2001 on OIX WorlO Tradr Certra Twin
Towere, cen require avplicetion oO innovetive biologp, technologp, and hedetict.

Waco Brandi Davidian Fire

On Apra 1, U93, the Mourn CarmeS Bravch Davidiav compound in Wace, Texas burner
durinharaidbyFBIagedts.Overa0indrddlalsdeVavdtUeidemainswereseverelydamageV following a higgt
temperature One. Wh0r avproximateiu hall oO these indibduais COIIU be iger- thier bp dertai oe flnheronnt
rampaVsov avd avthrovologicV aad pathological Undings, the rest had to be iderthier baser on
informaVov thai could only be provider bp DNA analysis.
Thisoast0eVrstmassdsasteVnvestigaVovwhereDNAavVysiswit0STlRnarOerswasuseV.
The Armer Forces DNA Idextificetion LaVoratoro (BFDIL) aad the Forersie Scierce Service (BSS) in
Englavd analyzer these samples bp examining a wriety of DNA marfers including HLA 1 )(B alpha,
Amplinype PM, D1S80, ameloverin ser-typing, mitochondrial DNA sequercing, aad four STR loci -TH01,
F13A1, FES/FpS, VWA). Without the use ofyolymerase chain reaction BCR. baser DNA typing proceVuret,
tuecificaliy STR marOere, avpraximateiy halO oO the indivinuait who perisUeV in the Mount Carmel
Compound of Branch Davidiavs woulU not have beer igertiner.
AFDIL receiver 042 sample from the MOIIIC Carmel Bravch Davigiav cempound reere
sentinhh0setsofyumanremains(DiVinnoetal. 1994).Blood-staincornsfromlivinhrelaVvrt proviger
rererence samples foe the unknowns. Wher usaVie tissue from the badly burned
bodiesoasuotavvilagle,aortionsofribbonesoereremoveVandtheDNAwasevtracted.
Bodp iVertiOications were made bp matching observed sample herotyprt with predeter possible
herotyprt oVtainer from using resulte of relatives’ referercc blood samples avd information gatherer from
family trees. This avproach is basically a reverse parertave aval- ysis where the pareri gerotypes are user to
predct the chilU’s gerotype. A total of 26 posi- tive idertiOications were made using the family tree
matching avproach (Clavton rt al. 1195.. A sUortagr of relatives prevented the idertiOication of the other
bodies. These resulte high- li-Iit the need for referercc samples in orere to tale full adwntave of DNA testing
in mass disaster sitoatiovs (Ballantyne 1997..

Spitsberaen and TWA Flight 800 Airalane Crashes

Two airelane crasUrs in U99 helyeV demonstrate the wlur of DNA avalysis in vie
timigextification.OnAuhust20,1999,anairvlavecarryingh4Russianavd77Ukrainiav

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

280 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

individuals crasAed into a mountain near SpitsAergen killing all 128 passengero andl3 crewmembero. Ter
estaaiisOmedS of victim idedtity tooO oniy 28 daye dur to rapid analy- sis of samplrs in tie UnivvrsVy of
Osly (Norwaa) Institata of ForeesicMedicine.
DNA profilet ccmprised of tiree STRo avd fivv minisatellita loci enabled associating 257 bodparts to 11l
differeet indivinuait. Of taese assogmente, 139 were idedtified based on avvilayie
reeeredcc samples submitted by 127 relative, (Olaisee et at. 1297). In tlais particulae ccse, tae rapiV reccvee
of samples from a frinV edvironmedt (<0°C) M ta 100% success in producing DNA profilet from tie remaint.
Tie cust of tie DNA typing portion of tie invet- tigation was appraximateiy 3% ta 5% of tie totai cust of tie
eetire ooeration.
Seortiy after taye-off onnuiy 17, 1299, TWA Flivet 800, a Boeing 747 ee routa to Paes, blew uu in tie SV-
ayove Long Islavd, New YorO, billing all 230 passeegers and crew. Teeir fraymedted remaint were also
iVeetiViee witi STR typing resulta (Ballanype 1997). Teese eeriy successes witi DNA testing in aiVing airline
disastee victim iVeetificution paver Oe wav for more receetiset.

Swissair HivEt 111

On tie eveeing of Seetember 2, 1298, whiie ee route to Geeevv, Switzerlapd, fromNewYorO
City, Swissair FUVUS 11I crasAee into tie Atlantic Ocean not Oar from Halifax, Nove Sccac. All 222 peeoie
on boarO (<14 passeegers avd 12 crewmembert) were killer. Tee plane weet down aVouI 12 kilometers from
lavd, aeeuiring tie wrecUaye to be raisee from a deeti of more tiav 60 metert <0180 feet) ofwatee.
Ovee tie neet Oew weeet, a laroe tasA forcc of investivators ccllected euman remainsfrom tie crasA
sceee. In aydition to tie proof-of-deeti and familiai closAre reasont discusseV
ayove,tieseremainswerecurefullycullectedapdsubsevuevtlyiVevtifiedasanessevtialyag of tie crasA
investivation. Wiioot a mecCanicd reason foe tie plane falling from tie skp, ariminal activCa was a
possibVity. Tee plave’s mapiCetS Usted 228 peeoie on boarO. Bui were
tievpllweotieyclaimedtoVe?AnyPiscrevapCufromtiatiumbercuuldbeasivnofterroet
istactivity.AmissingindiviVualorapeetrapassevgerweocouldnotyeaccounteeformivas eave beet a
terrorist witi aVomb.
An importavt reason for iVevtifying tie victims of anp mass disaster is to bring closure to tie living
relativeo If tie remains of tieir loved ones ran be iVevtialee, tiee sometiing CUP be givee bact to tie living
relatives for burial and memorial pueoses. Howevee, one of tie ceallevges for iVevtifying tie remains of
airline crasAes it tiat eetire families oftee travel togetiee. In tiis ccse, closeiy related
indiviVuais eave to be distinguisOee from eact otiee and sometimes witiout tie beeeeit of a living relative to
act as a reaereecc sample.
A numbee of metiods were usee to iCeenC lie victims, mcluding alngeggntt, dee-tal recurgt, X-i'rp
evaluates, and DNA tesing. Oniy one bodp was ctact reovgU foe visual iVeetylcaPov. A lol al of 147 violent
could be iVeetieleV bp mean oyee tiap DNA. For exam- pie, 1220 fingers were recoverea from lie crasA site.
Howevee, Oese fingers allowee oniy 43 vic am to be iVeetieleV basee on tiec Ongeggnts becapse ooiy a
small perceetave of Oe victims ead Ongeggnt recurgt tiat CUUU be locateV. Policc esiteV tie eomet of tie
viciem avd tyeV to reccer lateet ylngegrmts erom objects Oat tiee mar eave eapdleV. Teese eVots UV to tie
reetves of over 20°) lateet pints Oat were useV to iCeenC 33 of 43 vicamt meeiooeV aVove.An eXecave
metiod of iieiial iVeetielcatiov mvalveV deetal recargt, wliCI i weeeueedio

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 EARlyExAMPlEsofDVIusIn.gDnA 281
positively identify 102 of the victims and enable a certificate of death to be issued. Dental com- parisono
provided the fastest identification ween reference samples were avebable.
Concarrent to other efforto to identity the crasO victimt, DNA testing was pertormen by the Ronal
Cavadiac Mounted Police (RCMP). DNA analyst was pertormen by torr RCMP laboratories trom across
Caimla and OIS Ontaric Provincial Forensic Laaoratoro, eact can- triduting a vital and soecific subset ot
data. Tee DNA idedtialcation procest wascaordinated by the DNA Methodt aad Databasa section in Ottawa.
Tiit team of more thab 50 DNA scientisti cansisted of membert ot tire Biology sectiont ot tie RCMP Forensia
Laboratories located in Halitax, Regna, Vabcauvea, and Ottawa aiid tie Centre toe Forensia Sciencet in
Toronto. DNA tyying wiW tlie STR marOert descrined in this boor was used to eely idedtiaa all 029 peerfe
on boarO Swissair Fligei 110 (Leclair et al. 2224). In eveiy cast weere mfv tormt ot idedtification were
performed, DNA atalysis eelyen canarm and suupoot Wosc resulto
TwosedarateidentificationissueswereaddressedbyDNAtesting.First,recaveredeuman remaint
stowing idedtical STR genotyyet were associaten. Secand, eaca passengeo was idedtified tirougg
camparisons of eiimari remains wiW tie reeerenca samples isolatedarom

Collecaons using FTA FIGURE 9.4 Strategy foa disastea

victim inentnication in tie Swissaio
Flioei 111 crasi scene investioation.
Mosi sam- plet were tester with 9 STRt
and amelorenin using tie AmpFUTR
ProOler Plus kit aad tien 9 adcd- tional
STIR were adder wiW tie COOler kit as
neenen ti obtain a eideea poweo oO
discriminatior between closely oelaten
icCinu- alt. Tee relationd daWXase com-
paren genotyyet oO 1077 crasi scene s
amp le s to ge notyy CS oO at 222
victims atd family relahvet, a total oO
71,494 genoWye campari- sont (Leclair
et ae 2244).

(COfiler)

Identification
oF
222 Vicamg

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING; METHODOLOGY

282 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

personal effects of the victimo or reference blood samples submitted by relativeo of the vic- timo. In many
ccseo, DNA analysis was the onty mesas by weicC the samples cculO be posi- hvelo iVeetiVed.
Over 2400 eumaa remaint were recovered from the crasA site ot weicC 1277 were ana- tyzed by DNA
testing (Figure 9.4). Teese samples were analyzee along with 312 refereecc samples from relatives that were
submitter on FTA papr blood cci'ds (see Ceaper 1) th be geeotyyed asd usee in a relational dataiase. In
addition, 89 personal effects, such at tooth- brestes asd eair from combs, were taaee from the eomet of 07
victims beccase no rela- tives were avvilame to serve as a refereecc. One of the challedget of collecting the
reeereecc samples was the fact that the living relatives were from 21 dibereet countriet. Tee FTA eV edaVled
raniV blood collection asd room temperature delivere of the reeerencc samples and aidee the successfui
eompletion of the investivation.
TheAmpFlyTRIVof0erVlusUTRmarVevD3S1358,VWA,FGA,D8S1179,D41S11,D18S51, D5S812,
D13S317, and D7S824 were the primaro mednt ot iVeetifying the remains althougg
additionalUTRlocibH01,DPOX,DSF1PO,andD16S533fromtheAmpFlUTRCOUlereituere used te gain a
eiveea poweo ot discrimination (Fregeas ee aa 2400.. COUlee ampliglcotiont
wereeereormedonl12 crasUsceeeremainsandl29“known”reeereececomparisonsampleu Tee crasA sceee
samples were aaalyzee in anproximately one weee using eithea the nine STRs trom Profiler Plut oo all 13
STRs from Profiler Plut and COalea. Tee challedge ot mat- ing anpropiate associationt betueee the samplet
toor a little longea Geeotyyet ot eacli ot the 224 victims were compared te geeotyyet ot at OUICS victimt
asd famiia relativet, weich reereseetee 71,409 geeotyye comparisont Leclab et aO 2400, Leclab et aO 2004..
Tee mm- parison ot reeereecc sampic geeotyyet to profilet eeom heeeecoveeed eemannennvoeved
ovee180s000 compaeneonebecaueemoeeenown eampee geeotyyes existee for cross-compaVson purpset.
Traditional pareetavc trios with both living pareets were eecountered foe onaa 45% ot the 229 victimt.
Ever more challeeging was the fact that 43 familiet of 2 to 5 indiviVuals were preseet among the victimt. A
pab ot ibeeticoi twint wat also presed on the plane andcoflU not be indiviVuallu ibeetibiee with DNA
testing. Neverthelest, the DNA testing lee to confi- deet einsAig analysis in the case of 418 victims OOV
weom refereece samples from close rela- tives oo personae effects were submitted (Leclair et aO 4000,
Leclair et al.2004t.
Tec efforts of the RCMP demonstratee a successful model Oor eow a mast disaster invet- tigation stoiiOl
be conductee. Tremeedout coopration it required from foreesic laVoratOt riet, law eeforcemeet personneO
sad famiia members of victimt, sftee from a numbea of counUiets in orier to successfuia iVeetify the victims
of mass fataOtu inciVeett.
Tec neee foa wiey availaVlc reeereecc samples was also eigUligUtee by this investiga- tion. In fact, a
formai recommeedation was made from the RCMP to the Canadian Transuoi SaSety Boari for all airline
personnel and any private citizees weo are frequeet Uiers toeave Ungerarints and DNA samples made
availaVie for igedti01cotion puraoscs if evea the neee arises. Teese records cannot be storee by the police
but rathee coulO be maintainee by the airline or storee in as indivifual’s saSety deeositUox.
Of the 224 victims of Swissair Fliggt 111, all 229 were positiveia iVeetiOiee, an astounding success
compaeedhopeevnouteiutedconvenhnonaendenhnencahnonhecennquetandoneheahwouednoheave beer
possible without the power of DNA typng with STR mariers.

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 DnAIDEnTIfICATIonWoRkWITHsEPTEMbERl 1,2001VICTI 283
DNAIDENTIFICATIONWORKWITH SEPTEMBER 11, 2201 VICTIMS
The terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001 left over 3000 vic- tims in three
differest loc-hoot: thr Pestagon in WasEinaton, DC, a lelcl nero ShacksviCr (Somersrt Counta),
Pepnsylvenio, and thr Twin Towers oI thr WorlO Tragr Ceptee in New YorO Cite-
Several teams of forersic scientists were invelved in the DNA analysis of thesv mass disasters.

The PentagonSite
Hifacaer by five terrorists on the mornina of Sertember 11, 2001, Americas Airlines FUnOt 77 crasEer
ino the Pevtagov sEorOy aftee 9:40 a.m. kllina all 59 passerae^ and crew on boarl, the 5 terrorists, aid 120
Pevtagov occkuagts. Tee remains, roiinina in see from ■'wiole bodies i smalt fragmevts, were tagev i Dovre
Air Force Bast in Delaware wfiere thee were sampler tor DNA teshna. From the 2000 cantainers oI eviVevcc
recovered. 938 sam- pies were mlOcml for DNA analysis. STR typina was thee performer at the Armer
Forces DNA Idevtificagov Lagoratora in Rockville, Marylaad usina ProIler PIUS. Refereec- samples
includer 40 direct refereec- bloodstain carOs from the Aimed Forces DNA Revository aid 340
familpererevces.
Ovee the caurse of the nert two months (Sevtembrc 17, 2001 ta Novembre 19, 2001), 177
iVevtifications were made usina DNA oniy or a cambination of DNA, (tm si recarOt, tnd finaeryrints. In
addition, tnr victim was iVevtifieV soleiy with devtal recarOs. Unfortunatelp, no biolovical materiai was
recaverer from the erase site for five of the miss- ina indiviVuals (Edson rt at. 2004). In addition, there were
five mate STR profiles that CSV not matcC referercc samples from asp of the victims. These samples were
classifier as belonaina ta the terrorist wlro hivacaer the plane and were furthre canfirmer usina mita-
caondrial DNA testina and camparison ta Nerr Eastern mtDNA haglotyprs (Edson et al.2004).

Tlie Somerset County (Slianksville, Pennsylvania) Site

Shortiu aftee derartina NewarO, Newjerser on the mornina of Sertember 11, 2001 United Airlines Flivet
93 was hijacaer bp IOUC terrorists. Tee plaie crasEer neer Seanksvillc, Pevnsylvrgio at 11:10 a.m. killina
alt 40 passenaers and crew alona with the IOUC terrorists. Tee 1311 totai remains recaverer trom the
Somerset Couni crasE site were all eifeCy fras- meeter becagse the plaie wein strafee inta the around
at a steer of more thas 590 miles
peryour.ScievtistseromtheArmedForcesDNAIdevtificationLagoratorpcallecter592sam- pies for DNA analysis
includina 403 bones, 111 tissues, 23 teeth, 0 eairs, and 3 finaeryaiis.
Referevcesamplesvserincluder55familyrererevcesand50directrererevces.
At 40 passenaers and crewmembers were agir ta be identified throuae DNA alone oe a cambination of
DNA, tertaC recards, aid Omaerorints. 2n agdition, toue mate STR profilrs that did not matcC famiiy
referevcrt were oVserver and ascrider ta the IOUC terrorists.Teese samples were tester with mtDNA aid
found ta be associater with Neer Eastern mil.) NA eagfotyprt (Edson rt at. 000,2

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

284 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

The World Trade Center DNA Identification Effort

The DNA identification efforts for the World Trade Center (WTC) victims have become arguably the
world’s largest Oorecsio coso to date (Biesectea et al. 2005, Brecner & Weir 2003,Budimlija et ad 2003,
Leclaie et al. 2007). In the firet few monthe, almoet 20,B00 piecet oi humav remaint were
collectee from a pile of rubble weigging over a million tone aad react-
ingmorethan70feetinheiggteollowinghecrgs0ingcolladsecftheTwinTowers.Theinitial removai and sorting of
human remains tooO place between Seetember 2001 and Maa 2002. Howevee the primaro DNA
ideetificotion eVortt wern on fOT more thad hree yem—almon two-rdd-rr
halfyearsafterthelasWiecearOeVrishadbeevremoveVfromtheWTCsite.
In the eed, more thad 1600 victim, were ideetifiee of the 0749 preseet whee the Twin Towert colladseV.
Withoot the cadadilitict of DNA testing, there would have beee oni. a fraction of the victims ideetifiee baser
on OWCO modalities suet as fingergrints avd deetal recordt (TaVlc 9.1). At of June 4, 2010, a totai of
12,769 remains (59%) from a totai of 01,700 recovered at the World TraVc Ceeter site have beee ideetified
avd associates with one of he 1620 victims ideetified SO fat (MecOi Prinz, NYC OCME, tersonai
communicotion).
Biologicai samples recovereC from the WTC site had beee subeecteC to ectreme eevi- ronmeetai
conditions with the building collavse aad subterraneav fires that continueC to bum in the rubble pile fOT
three months following the terrorist attacO. The Set fueC from both plaves that eammed the WTC towers
igniteC offico furuisUings Seaiing to fires througgout the buildings. The buildings collavseV due to a
synergy of the danae covseV by the aircraU

TABLE 9.1 summiro oO World Trade Ceeter Victim and Remains Ideetificvtion EUOUS CompleteC VS OC
Uunea009.AtWhvtWime, theeumberofVictimsstoodata749ofWhicO1059HadbeeeIdeetifiee.sixyead
later5unea810),BithsomeAdditionaldonefravmectslocateCandUrtherDnATeIting,Wevumbar
IdectifieCHadCdmbeCta 10209aseConaTotalo01 1,702RemainsRecaveeeC.AlthoughDnAfaeoutsWifii
otherMethodsirlTermsoOsuccessatRecovermgInformationirlThisDisaster,otherModaVtiesWereeseeui
inIdectifyingVictimsorsetsofRemains.InitialInformationCoudesyyfDr.RoVertsUaleraddMoreRecect
Information Coiii'lew oODr. Mede Prinz, new yyrO Cite oOico oOChieCMeCicaiexaminee.
Modality Victims Tdeetified Remains Sdentified

Singde Mulefide Total IDs Singde Mulefide Total IDS

Modaaty Modalities Modality Modalities

DNA 814 469 180 9031 3689 4916

Photo 11 19 09 11 19 09

Vie we C 10 0 19 10 0 14

Body X-ray 0 3 3 0 9 4

DeeWd n 404 926 114 994 614

Prints 53 011 068 56 040 096

Tattoos 0 6 6 0 6 6
Personal eCects 16 99 74 11 61 49

OWCS 4 39 91 4 101 100

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 DnAIDEnTIfICATIonWoRkWITHsEPTEMbERl 1,2001VICTI 285
impact, the removal of fire-resistive insulation from the steel support structures, and fire- induced
deformation of the remaining structure (see etW://wthnist.gov). Teus, euman remains were often cemingled,
tee fraamented, 2nd in maay cases linely valorize-.
De. Rooeet Sealee, the directoe of Forensic Biology at the New Yore City’s Office of Ceie- Medicai
Examiner (NYC OCME) stood at the eelm ofthe WTC DNA efforts througeout the maay months of this
investigation (Sealee 2005). De. Sealee and eis deeicatee staff caorUlr nated the effortt aad assistance of
outsine campaaiet aad cansultaatt. Teee worked tire- iessia to callate evety piece of possibie information in
the camplee process of maaing a geeetie match eetweee a victim’s DNA profile aad that of a reSereece
sample in the form of a personae effeet or a victim’s eiolooical relative. A camputer prooram nameC DNA-
VIOW writtee iy DU Cearles Breener playeC aa importaat paU in determining mat’ of llu'se kin-
iUinigentWlcations.
Severalinnovationscameeutofthee/l lattacasVaEay2002).neeseincludeeneweetraei tion methods from ione
(Hollaad et al. 2003), reeucee size amplicans or minigTRi (Sutler
etal.n003,Hollaydetal.n003),payelsofsinglenucleetigenolymorueisms(NNPs),2ydeig0i
WroupOputmitochondrialDNAsequencing.Inaddition,newsoftwarewasUevefovedtoaig in matching
reSereece samples aad recavereC remains as well as associating remains with the same DNAprofile.
Teree differeet sofiam proorams were useC eeteesiveio in the WTC victim igeetifica- tion efforts: Mass
Fatalite IdeetiOication System (M-VI0ys), DNAVVOW, aad Mass Disaster KinsUin Analysis Prooram
(MDKAP). M-FIdys was develooee iy Geee Codes Foreesics (Nnn ATUOU MI), d used a direet matelt
alaorithm and eelaed in callaysing and sorting date sett h oitain igentiglcationt
Heenessee 2002). DNAVVOW deeucee kinsEin iy pedi- gree atalyses (Breener & Weir 2003), whiOe
MDKAP performed kinsEin analyses througg pair-vise camparisont (Leclair et al. g007). A wriation of the
MDKAP it now cammerciaaa availayie at the Bloodeound program (seeetW://www.ayayornouse.cam).
One of the lar-est challenges from this investioation was review of the massive amountt of data produceS
iy cantracting layoratoriet. Tee fow of DNA samples aad data ieices the wriout layoratories inwlved in this
tremeedous effort is illustrates in Fioure 9g. gn the initial 2001 h 2005 effort, more that 52,220 STR
profiles, 16,238 SNP profiles, and 31,255 mtDNA sequeeces were geeerated in at effort h iVentWo the 0749
victims of the WorlO Trade Ceeter caratse iased on 16,217 recavered remains—truiy a eeroie effort. (Note
that more remains eave ieee recaveree following the initial iVentificatiov effort and a few more
iVentifications made.)
Most of the data from the recavereC remains cantainee ooay partial DNA profiles mak- ing O evee more
difficae h sort througe and piece tovether sufficieet information ho mate a reliayie iOeetiOication. Tee
process for assigning iOeetities to SEeciOie remains eat tree siagcs: callaysing, screeffing, aad testing
(Breener & Weir 2003). Clustering algorithms caa ie used to eely recanstruet liOeiv pedigree informatiov
wlieii miikipO' famCy memiert are part of the sampOe set ieing investigated (Cowell & Mostad 2003).

KinsEin and Data Analysis Panel (KADAP)

Tee National rnstithte of Justice (NIJ) or-anizee a paael of exxerts, 2eCerree to at the KinsEin and Data
Analysis Paael (1KADAP), that eanveneV almost evety other month in the

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

286 9. Missing PERson AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

(a) MatcrialFlow

Personal Effect
Bone
Tissue

a) DataFlow

FIGURE 9.5 Illustration of (a) material aad a) data flow between laaoratoriri involved in processing World Trade
Certrr samples. Ladoratories included Office of Chiei Medicel Examines (OCME, New YorO Ciw), New YorO Swte Police asJYSP,
Adany, NY), Myriad Geneties (DaU Lake City, UT), Orcliin CellmarO (Dalds, TX), Celera Genomiet (Rockville, MD), and Bode
Tecknologg Group (Dpringfield, VA). Blue box celors renresent We cemmercial labs and yellow boxes hiahliaht We governmeet laas.
Physicel materials sUinpee betweee lanoratories includeC DNA exWacts (solnl red line), buccel swats from biologicel relative
reference samples (Dashed red line), personal effects (Dotted red line), recovered bones (soliC blue line), aad recovered tissue
(DasUed blue line). Note tOat most of We DNA samples were extracted at We NYSP and OCME lanoratories altOough some tissue aad
bone were sUinped directlo W Myriacd and Bode. Al Uones were exeated at Bode. Figure ceurteso of National Institute offi-istice
WorlU Trade Center KinsOin and DaW Analysis Panel aad New YorV Cite Offce of Cliief Medicel Examinee.

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 DnAIDEnTIdC ATIonWoRkWITHshPTEMbERl 1,2001VICTI 287

TABLE 9.2 World Trade Center kinship and Data Analysis Panel (WTC kADAP) Members Convened to Aid new
yorl Cite wVU WTC IdentiPcationi. national Institute oO Justice funded-Meetingi Were Held bimonthly from
octoOea 2001 I<OJICV 2003 in new yyrl City, Aldany, baltimore, or Washington, DC(noi
AllMembershttendenEvvryMeeting)toDiscasshrogesswithtUeInvestioationaddtoAidinReviewing
Tectnology Validation aad statistical genencassuei.
Member Afiliation

Uoan Bailee-Wilson, Ph.D. Nainal institutet of HealtU-Nationai Human Geeome Researck Institute

Uact Balladtyyr, Ph.D. Universite of CeeUal Florina

HowarO Baum, Ph.D. New YorO City Office of ChieeMeeical Examinee

Free Bienee, M.D, Ph.D. HarvvrO Meeical Sckooi

Erin Biesctke New YorO City Office of ChieeMeeicai Examinee

Les Biesecter, Ph.D. NaUonal institutet of HealtU-Nationai Human Geeome Researck Institute

Charles Breener, Ph.D. DNA-View

Brece Budowle, Ph.D. Feeeral Bureau oflnvestioation Ladoratory

John Butlee, Ph.D. NaUonai institute of StaddarOs and Tecknology

Georae Carmody, Ph.D. Carleton University

Maureee Casee New YorO City Police Deeartmeei

Cheryl Conlee Orckin Geeescreee Ohio

Mictael Conneally, Ph.D. Indiana University SCIOO! of Meeicine

MarO Dale New YorO State Police; New YorO City Police Deeartmeet Ladoratory

Barry Ducem, Ph.D. New YorO State Police

Ao Eiseebery, Ph.D. University of NorU Texas HealtU Scieece Ceetee

List Formaa, Ph.D. NaUonai institute ofUustice

Dennv Gaine NewYoOkSiaiePoenee

MVe Heenesso, MBA GeneCodetFoOentnet

Stevee Hogaa, J.D. NewYoOkSiaiePoenee

Kee Kind, Ph.D. Yale University SCIOO! of Meeicine

Beeoit Leclaie, Ph.D. Myriaa Geeetict

Elaine Mae New YorO City Office of ChieeMeeical Examinee

Amy Mundorff New YorO City Office of ChieeMeeical Examinee

Steve Niezgoda, MBA NaUonai institute ofUustice Contractoe

Oud Nolan, Ph.D. Geee Codes Foreesict

Tom Parsons, Ph.D. Armee Forcet DNA IdeetiVcaUon Ladoratory

Mecki Prinz, Ph.D. New YorO Ciu Office of ChieeMeeical Examinee

ElizadetU Pugg, Ph.D. .ohn Hookins Universiu/Ceeter for Onheritee Disease Researd

(Condnued)

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

288 9. Missing PERsons AnD DIsAsTER VICTIM

TABLE 9.2 World Trade Center kinship and Data Analysis Panel (WTC kADAP) Members Convened to Aid new
yorl Cite witO WTC IdentiPcationi. national Institute oO Justice funded-Meetingi Were Held bimonthly from
octoOea 2001 l<oUtv 2003 in new yyrk City, Aldany, baltimore, or Washington, DC(noi
AllMembershttendenEvvryMeeting)toDiscasshrogesswithtUeInvestioationaddtoAidinReviewing
Tectnolog Validation aad statistical genenc Issues.(Goniuec-
Member Affiliation

Rooeot Sealeo, Plr.D. New YorO Cite OfUcc of drier Metical Examineo

Steve Sheno', Plr.D. Naeonal institutes of Healte-National Ceeteo foo Biotecknology Infoomation
Jolrn SnySeo New YorO State Polia Contractoo

Amanda Sozeo, PID. NaUonal institute ofUusticc Contractoo

Amy Sutton Geee Codes Foreesics

Steve Swinton New YorO State Podcc

Lois Tully, Plr.D. NaUonal institute ofUusticc

Noelle Umback New YorO Cite OfUcc of drier Metical Examineo

Anne WaUlr, Plr.D. New York State Deeaotmeet of HealtU

Peter Wistori New YorO State POUCC

UvooeersfollowingSentembrr 11,2201 .Dhevadeesmissionwastaaidinreviewingdataadd

toprovidenuidadceendrecommendadonstotUeNYCOCMErenaramgstaUshcaltUresholdt
forrevor0ngDNAidevti01cationshasedondPectmatckesaddkinshinassvciaUons(Bieseckeret at. 2205). The
names aad affiliations of UIS advisors WTC KADAP are dsted in Tatie 9.2 KADAP gaUleren in NYC,
Aldany, Baltimore, 2nd Washngton, DC foe Uvo-ddd meetings dering Oat 2201, Dec 2001, Fee 2002, Apr
2202, Judd 2002, Seet 2002, Jan 2203, Judd 2003,and
Uune 2205.
Whde we hooe to news see tie liket of anotUea Seetemaee 11, 2201 terroritt attack foree- sit DNA tyying
ladoratoriet SOOIIOI be preearee to aid in victim identialcation eecra m futere mast fatality incidencet.
Lessons leemee from tee WTC DNA identialcation eeorti by tie KADAP were publishee in Seetembee 2206
by tee National enstituty ofUustice nil 2006). Thit reeort, eetitlee “Lessons Leeroed from 9/11: DNA
Ideetification in Mast Fatality Incioeets,” provoes information on prooeet manademenS, saitiple tracing and
Uow of cfoo- mation, suggestiont on strocturing cammunicationt betueen victim faaiily membert aad tee
DNA lalaoratory. and vital issuet to cansiner immediateid after an incident occurt. It is saOe to canclude
tOat DNA analyst wild cantinue to plat a wluadie suupoet rode in future mass fatality incidentt, ”utt as it
doet witU law enforcement and tUe criminal justicesystem.

IDENTIFICATIONOFHUMANREMAINSINMASS
GRAVES USINGDNA
DNA cat plat at importadt roie in identifying remains in unmarOee gravet (Huffine 2001, Primorac
2204, Williams & Crew 2203). Unfortunately, tUere are regions oftUe world

ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY

 READ Ing llsT AnD 289
that have suffered severely under the hands of ruthless dictators who do not value human life. Mass graves
are oftev the tragt trademart or such tyrants.
The formes Yufoslavic contains an estimates 40,000 unidevtifieV bodies ic mass graves. The
International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) was createV in 1996 to hely idev-
tifyrumanremainsinthesemassuraves.IneVechtheICMPisusingDNAtechnofogytoman human gevocide.
Mora receetly hundrees of individual remains have beee reccveree from mass graves found in Kuwasi and
Iraq. In the firsr five yeers ol attempting DNA avalysis <111
rechvereVremainsfromthesemassgraves,033victimswereidevtifieV(Alevizietal.2009).
OneafthematorchallevgestoverformingDNAidevtifichtionfrommassgravesisoVtain- ing biologicel
reeereece samples from relatives. Family outreach ceeters taVe information avd bloodsamplesfrom
livingrelatives suchasuarevto orasuouseandachildofamissingloveV one. These reeereece samples are thee
tyyed with STRs avd mitochondrial DNA sequeecing
toverformeinsUinanalysisusingtheDNAresultsoVtaineVfromtheremainsinmassuraves.
Inthevast,mitochondrialDNA(seeChantert4)hasoftevbeevtheanlysourceafsuccess- ful DNA recevety from
bones thai have beee in the ground foe many yeers. Howeves, more
recevtlyimproveVDNAevtractionmethodsUaveevaVledsuccessfulyTRtyyinoresultstoVe oVtaineV (e.g.,
Davorev eh ay 2007). DNA oftev provides the onty wav to cenOrm the death
oramissinogerson,evaVlereturuoftheremainstaalivinorelative,ondhelpbringjusticeta
thecriminalswhoinitiatedthemassacresthatleVtothemassuravesites.

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ADVANCED TOPICS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING: METHODOLOGY