Lecture 04 –Roadmap

• Need of a Layered Architecture

• OSI Model
– 7 Layers of OSI Model
– Functional Details of OSI Layers
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

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 Layered Architecture

• Design Philosophy of Layered Architecture

– The complex task of communication is broken into
simpler sub-tasks or modules
– Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
– Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform
more primitive functions
– Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
– Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers
– Helps in troubleshooting and identifying the problem

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An example Sending a letter

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 OSI Model

• To standardize the design of communication

system, the ISO created the OSI model.
• Open Systems Interconnection
• Developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
• Contains Seven layers
• It describes the functions to be performed at
each layer

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 OSI Model

• A layer model
• Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
• Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
• Each layer provides services to the next
higher layer
• Changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers

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 OSI Model

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Peer-to-Peer Process

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An exchange using the Internet
model

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 Physical Layer

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Physical Layer Responsibilities

The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from

one node to the next.
– Physical characteristics of interfaces and
medium
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Line Configuration
– Physical topology
– Transmission mode

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 Data Link Layer

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 Data Link Layer
Responsibilities
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from one
node to the next.

• Framing
• Physical Addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Access Control

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Node-to-node delivery

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 Network Layer

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Network Layer Responsibilities

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.

– Logical Addressing
– Routing

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 Transport Layer

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 Transport Layer
Responsibilities
The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one
process to another.

– Service point addressing

– Segmentation and reassembly
– Connection Control
– Flow Control
Error Control

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 Session Layer

– Control of dialogues between

applications
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
– Synchronization Points (backup
points)

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 Presentation Layer

• Presentation
– Data formats and coding
– Data compression
– Encryption

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Application Layer

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 OSI Model – Application Layer

• Application
– Layer where the application using the
network resides.
– Common network applications include
• remote login
• file transfer
• Mail services
• Directory Services

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 OSI Layers

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 OSI Layers

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The OSI Environment Videos

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