Una solución práctica al

“nuevo” kelvin

Edgar Méndez Lango

Termometría, CENAM
 Definiciones

• ¿Qué es temperatura?
• ¿Temperatura relativa?
– balanzas de temperatura
• ¿Temperatura material?
– Propiedades termométricas
• ¿Temperatura absoluta?
– opciones
– confusiones
Ley Cero

3
 Termómetro

• Medidor de temperatura
• Relativo: caliente – frío
• Escala
– Propiedades termométricas macro
– Propiedades termométricas micro
 T de los puntos fijos
 
𝑝𝑉
 
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 Gas ideal 𝑇 =lim ( )
𝑝 → 0 𝑁𝑘

 
𝑉 Si V y N son fijos con T0 como
𝑇=
𝑁𝑘
𝑝 ( ) temperatura de referencia, entonces
  𝑝
𝑇= 𝑇0 Termómetro de gas
𝑝0
Termómetro de gas a presión constante

J. F. Schooley Thermometry
Extrapolación a presión cero

7
 El punto triple del agua
Although the value TTPW is not a fundamental constant,
the triple point of water is an invariant of nature with the
inherent long-term stability of fundamental constants*.

8
 El kelvin

*
 El “nuevo” kelvin

* http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0026-1394/page/Focus_on_the_Boltzmann_Constant
https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/T/K7/CCT-K7.pdf
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 Medición de la
constante de Boltzmann

  𝑝𝑉 El tamaño y las unidades de

𝑘 =lim
𝑝 → 0 𝑁𝑇 k son función de T
13
 Problema

Una definición del mundo micro

para el mundo macro
 La corrección T - T90

https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/ITS-90/Estimates_Differences_T-T90_2010.pdf
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 Mise en pratique for the definition of
the kelvin in the SI*

The purpose of this mise en pratique…

is to indicate how the definition of the SI base unit,
the kelvin, symbol K, may be realized in practice

The future definition of the kelvin does not imply any

particular experiment for its practical realization…
the redefined kelvin that came into force on 20 May 2019.

* https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-mep/MeP-K-2018.pdf

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 Mise en pratique for the definition of
the kelvin in the SI*
4. Primary Thermometry
While the new definition of the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann
constant has no immediate impact on the status of the ITS-90 and the
PLTS-2000, there are significant benefits, particularly for
temperature measurements below ~20 K and above ~ 1300 K, where
primary thermometers may offer a lower thermodynamic uncertainty
than is currently available with the ITS-90 and the PLTS-2000.

* https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/si-mep/MeP-K-2018.pdf

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 Temperatura termodinámica
Primary acoustic gas thermometry (AGT)
exploits the relationship between the speed of
sound, u, in an ideal gas in the limit of zero
frequency and the thermodynamic
temperature, T, of the gas, where k is the
Boltzmann constant, m is the average
molecular mass of the gas, and γ is the ratio of
the heat capacity of the gas at constant
pressure to its heat capacity at constant
volume. For ideal monatomic gases, γ = 5/3.
 Temperatura termodinámica
The basic equation for spectral radiometric thermometry
is the Planck law, which gives the spectral radiance, Lb,l, of
an ideal blackbody as a function of temperature, T,

where k is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck

constant, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and λ is the
wavelength in vacuum.
 Temperatura termodinámica
Johnson noise thermometry is based on the thermal
agitation of the charge carriers inside an electrical conductor
and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem…
The power spectral density SV(ʄ, T) of the noise voltage V
across a complex electrical impedance Z(ʄ ) is given by where
ʄ is frequency, T is the thermodynamic temperature, h is
Planck’s constant, k is Boltzmann’s constant, and Re means
the real part.
 Temperatura termodinámica

Acoustic gas

Spectral radiometric

Johnson noise
Temperatura termodinámica
Temperatura termodinámica
 Relación básica

 
)
 Otros métodos

• Polarización de gas: permitividad de gas ideal como

función de la presión
• Constante dieléctrica del gas: cambio de la
capacitancia con la presencia de gas.
• Índice de refracción de gas: frecuencias de resonancia
en una cavidad isotérmica

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 El kelvin y la EIT-90

It should be noted that the fixed-point temperatures

assigned in an International Temperature Scale are exact
with respect to the respective scale temperature (there is no
assigned uncertainty) and fixed (the value remains
unchanged throughout the life of the scale).

As a consequence, the definition of the kelvin in terms of

the Boltzmann constant has no effect on the temperature
values or realization uncertainties of the International
Temperature Scales.
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 La EIT-90

In particular, the most precise temperature measurements

in the temperature range from approximately -250 °C to
960 °C will, at least initially, continue to be traceable to
standard platinum resistance thermometers calibrated
according to the ITS-90.

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 soluciones

Temperatura viejo k nuevo k

baja  
media  
alta  

¿En cuál nivel vives?

 La EIT-90
Intervalos de operación:

a) 0.65 < T/K < 24.55;

termometría de gas

b) 13.80 < T/K < 1234.93;

termómetro de resistencia de platino,
con 12 puntos fijos.

c) 1234.93 < T/K;

ley de radiación de Planck, con un punto fijo.
 El “nuevo” kelvin y la EIT-90
Intervalos de operación:

 a) 0.65 < T/K < 24.55;

termometría de gas
 b) 13.80 < T/K < 1234.93;
termómetro de resistencia de platino,
con 12 puntos fijos.
 c) 1234.93 < T/K;
ley de radiación de Planck, con un punto fijo.
Se seguirá usando la ITS-90, hasta que la termometría primaria sea práctica.
Gracias por su atención

Edgar Méndez Lango

Termometría, CENAM
emendez@cenam.mx

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