Mechanical Power Transmission

(4OE338)

Module 1

Vishal V. Dhende
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli
• Mechanical (Energy)
• Power
Engine/ Motor/
• Transmission Turbine/ Steam Wheels (Body)
Engines

Prime Movers
Driven M/C
 Stress - strain , Theories of Failure

• Stress - strain Diagrams:

Tensile test to determine parameters like:
i. Proportional Limit
ii. Elastic limit
iii. Modulus of Elasticity
iv. Yield Strength
v. Ultimate Tensile Strength
vi. Modulus of resilience
vii. Modulus of toughness
viii. Percentage elongation
ix. Percentage reduction in area
 
 Stress - strain , Theories of Failure

• Stress - strain Diagrams:

i. 
Stress - strain , Theories of Failure

 
 Stress - strain , Theories of Failure
Modes Of Failure

(i) failure by elastic deflection; (ii) failure by general yielding; and (iii) failure by fracture

Factor Of Safety: The magnitude of factor of safety depends upon

the following factors:
 
• Effect of Failure
• Type of Load
• Degree of Accuracy in Force Analysis
  • Material of Component
• Reliability of Component
• Cost of Component
• Testing of Machine Element
• Service Conditions
• Quality of Manufacture
 Stress - strain , Theories of Failure
Stress–strain Relationship:
The internal resisting force per unit area of the component is called
stress.  
 
• Tensile stress :fibres of the component tend to elongate due to the external force  

• Compressive stress: fibres tend to shorten due to the external force 𝑃

𝜎 𝑐=
𝐴

The strain is deformation per unit length.

 
It given by:

 
Theories of Failure

Principal Stresses:
• The normal stress is perpendicular to the area under consideration, while
the shear stress acts over the area.

Differentiating Eq. (4.28) with respect to θ and setting

the result to zero, we have:
 Stress - strain , Theories of Failure

The principal theories of elastic failure are as follows:

(i) Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory (Coulomb, Tresca and Guest’s theory)
(iii) Distortion energy theory (Huber von Mises and Hencky’s theory)
(iv) Maximum strain theory (St. Venant’s theory)
(v) Maximum total strain energy theory (Haigh’s theory)
 Maximum Principal Stress Theory
The theory states that the failure of the mechanical component subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs
when the maximum principal stress reaches the yield or ultimate strength of the material.

 
 Maximum Shear Stress Theory
The theory states that the failure of a mechanical component subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when
the maximum shear stress at any point in the component becomes equal to the maximum shear stress in the
standard specimen of the tension test, when yielding starts
 Maximum Shear Stress Theory

Shear Diagonal Shear diagonal or line of pure

shear is the locus of all points, corresponding to pure
shear stress.

The maximum shear stress theory of failure is widely used

by designers for predicting the failure of components,
which are made of ductile materials, like transmission
shaft.
 Distortion-energy Theory
The theory states that the failure of the mechanical component subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when the strain
energy of distortion per unit volume at any point in the component, becomes equal to the strain energy of distortion per unit
volume in the standard specimen of tension-test, when yielding starts.
According to the distortion-energy theory, the yield
strength in shear is 0.577 times the yield strength in
tension.

Experiments have shown that the distortion energy theory is in better agreement for predicting the failure
of a ductile component than any other theory of failure.
 Selection And Use Of Failure Theories
(i) Ductile materials typically have the same tensile strength and compressive strength. Also, yielding is the
criterion of failure in ductile materials. In maximum shear stress theory and distortion energy theory, it is assumed
that the yield strength in tension (Syt) is equal to the yield strength in compression (Syc). Also, the criterion of
failure is yielding. Therefore, maximum shear stress theory and distortion energy theory are used for ductile
materials.
 Selection And Use Of Failure Theories

(ii) Distortion energy theory predicts yielding with precise accuracy in all four quadrants The
design calculations involved in this theory are slightly complicated as compared with those of
maximum shear stress theory.
(iii) The hexagonal diagram of maximum shear stress theory is inside the ellipse of distortion
energy theory. Therefore, maximum shear stress theory gives results on the conservative side.
On the other hand, distortion energy theory is slightly liberal.
(iv) The graph of maximum principal stress theory is the same as that of maximum shear stress
theory in the first and third
quadrants. However, the graph of maximum principal stress theory is outside the ellipse of
distortion energy theory in the second and fourth quadrants. Thus, it would be dangerous to
apply maximum principal stress theory in these regions, since it might predict safety, when in
fact no safety exists.
(v) Maximum shear stress theory is used for ductile materials, if dimensions need not be held
too close and a generous factor of safety is used. The calculations involved in this theory are
easier than those of distortion energy theory.
 Selection And Use Of Failure Theories

(vi) Distortion energy theory is used when the factor of safety is to be held in close limits and
the cause of failure of the component is being investigated. This theory predicts the failure
most accurately.
(vii) The compressive strength of brittle materials is much higher than their tensile strength.
Therefore, the failure criterion should show a difference in tensile and compressive strength.
On this account, maximum principal stress theory is used for brittle materials. Also, brittle
materials do not yield and they fail by fracture.
To summarise, the maximum principal stress theory is the proper choice for brittle materials.
For ductile materials, the choice of theory depends on the level of accuracy required and the
degree of computational difficulty the designer is ready to face. For ductile materials, the
most accurate way to design is to use distortion energy theory of failure and the easiest way
to design is to apply maximum shear stress theory
 Stresses Due To Bending Moment
The beam is subjected to a combination of tensile stress on one side of the neutral axis and compressive stress on
the other. Such a stress distribution can be visualized by bending a thick leather belt. Cracks will appear on the
outer surface, while folds will appear on the inside. Therefore, the outside fibres are in tension, while the inside
fibres are in compression
 
The bending stress at any fibre is given by,

Assumptions: (For equation to follow)

(i) The beam is straight with uniform cross-section.
(ii) The forces acting on the beam lie in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
(iii) The material is homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hooke’s law.
(iv) Plane cross-sections remain plane after bending.
In design of machine elements like transmission shaft, axle or lever, it is required to find out the maximum
bending moment by constructing the bending moment diagram. There is a particular sign convention for bending
moment diagram.

For positive bending, the bending moment diagram is constructed on the positive side of the Y-axis. For negative
bending, the diagram is on the negative side of the Y axis. There is a simple way to remember positive bending.
Imagine the crescent shaped moon—it is positive bending.
 Stresses Due To Torsional Moment
The internal stresses, which are induced to resist the action of twist, are called torsional shear stresses.

The torsional shear stress is given by, 

The stress is maximum at the outer fibre and zero at the axis of

rotation. The angle of twist is given by,  

Assumptions:
i) The shaft is straight with a circular  
cross-section.
ii) A plane transverse section remain
plane after twisting.
iii) The material is homogeneous,
isotropic and obeys Hooke’s law.
 Stresses Due To Torsional Moment

The polar moment of inertia of a solid circular shaft of diameter d is given by,  

For a hollow circular cross-section,  

In many problems of machine design, it is required to calculate torque from the power transmitted and the speed of rotation.

This relationship is given by,  

where,
kW = transmitted power (kW)
Mt = torque (N-mm)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
Some Links:

• Stress and Strain | Mechanical Properties of Solids | Don't Memorise

https://youtu.be/AnwrItEvqh4

• Stress and Strain Concept study

https://youtu.be/3sgcb7ImNFw

• Understanding Failure Theories (Tresca, von Mises etc...)

https://youtu.be/xkbQnBAOFEg

• Failure Theories (NPTEL)

https://youtu.be/6CLEWA2WNqM

• Understanding Stresses in Beams

https://youtu.be/f08Y39UiC-o

• Transverse Shear Stress

https://youtu.be/vDm2JrhZw8Y