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Sejarah Perkembangan &

Ruang Lingkup
Farmakologi
Loly Subhiaty Idrus, S.Farm., M.S.Farm
Defenisi Farmakologi
Pharmacology can be defined as the study of substances that
interact with living systems through chemical processes,
especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or
inhibiting normal body processes. These substances may be
chemicals administered to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect
on some process within the patient or for their toxic effects on
regulatory processes in parasites infecting the patient. Such
deliberate therapeutic applications may be considered the proper
role of medical pharmacology, which is often defined as the
science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat
disease. Toxicology is that branch of pharmacology which deals
with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from
individual cells to complex ecosystems.
Sejarah Farmakologi
Oswald
Johan Jacob
Schmiedeberg
Webfer
(1838–1921)
(1620–1695) Fundamental concepts such as
Cladius Galen peneliti pertama yang structure–activity relationships,
melibatkan hewan percobaan drug receptors,
orang pertama yg mengenalkan
dalam ilmu farmakologi dan Menerbitkan jurnal farmakologi
bahwa teori dan pengalaman empirik
toksikologi. pertama
berkontribusi seimbang dalam
penggunaan obat.

Rudolf Buchheim
Paracelsus (1820–1879)
pionir penggunaan senyawa
kimia dan mineral, yang dikenal founded the
juga dengan bapak toksikologi. first institute of pharmacology
at the University of Dorpat
penduduk pribumi Afrika dan Amerika Selatan.

Obat anti kanker digunakan


sebagai gas racun pada PD 1
The History Of
Pharmacology
The Aims of Isolating Active
Principles
1. Identification of the active ingredient(s).
2. Analysis of the biological effects (pharmacodynamics)
of individual ingredients and
of their fate in the body (pharmacokinetics).
3. Ensuring a precise and constant dosage in
the therapeutic use of chemically pure
constituents.
4. The possibility of chemical synthesis,
which would afford independence from
limited natural supplies and create conditions
for the analysis of structure–activity
relationships.
Finally, derivatives of the original constituent may be
synthesized in an effort to optimize
pharmacological properties. Thus, derivatives
of the original constituent with improved
therapeutic usefulnessmay be developed.
European pants as sources of drugs
Syarat Obat
Efek utama, efek samping,
indikasi, kontraindikasi

Tingkat keamanan akut, 3


subkronik, kronik
EFFICACY
Struktur -> identitas, sifat obat 2
stabilitas
Kadar -> dosis
SAFETY
1
CHARACTERISTIC
Keamanan Obat

• Uji toksisitas obat


1. Toksistas Akut
2. Toksisitas Sub kronis
3. Toksisitas Kronis
4. Toksisitas Khusus

• KEAMANAN OBAT : Indeks Terapi = LD50/ED50


• ED50 adalah dosis yang dapat menimbulkan efek yang dihendaki pada 50% hewan coba
• LD50 adalah dosis yang menyebabkan kematian pada 50% hewan coba
MTC = Minimum toxic concentration
MEC = Minimum effective concentration
• Therapeutic window is the range of drug concentrations in which a drug is effective. 

• Minimum effective concentration (MEC) is the minimum concentration that is required for drug
effect. 

• Minimum toxic concentration (MTC) is the minimum concentration in which toxicity usually
occurs. Note side effect can occur at any drug concentration.

• Cmax is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a


specified compartement or test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and
before the administration of a second dose.
Drug
Development
Drug
Development
Hubungan Antar Ilmu
Farmakologi dengan :
• Toksikologi -> Kajian toksisitas obat
• Teknologi, Farmasetika -> Bentuk sediaan
• Farmakokimia, kimia -> Karakteristik
• Kimia medisinal : kajian struktur obat
• Biologi : Kajian fenomena senyawa endogen tubuh
• Biokimia : Kajian perubahan fenomena senyaa endogen tubuh
• Fisika : Kajian fenomena fisika tubuh, sifat fisika obat
• Seni. Budaya, Sosial : Kajian estetika obat, layanan obat
Ruang Lingkup Farmakologi
Farmakognosi
Cabang ilmu farmakologi yang mempelajari sifat sifat tumbuhan dan
bahan lain yang merupakan sumber obat

Farmasi
Ilmu yang mempelajari cara membuat, memformulasikan, menyimpan,
dan menyediakan obat.

Farmakologi Klinik
Cabang farmakologi yang mempelajari efek obat pada manusia
.Bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dasar ilmiah untuk penggunaan obat.

Farmakokinetik
Aspek farmakologi yang mencakup nasib obat dalam tubuh yaitu
absorbsi, distribusi, metabolisme, dan ekskresinya.
Ruang Lingkup Farmakologi
Farmakodinamik
Mempelajari efek obat terhadap fisiologi dan biokimiaberbagai organ
tubuh serta mekanisme kerjanya.

Farmakoterapi
Cabang ilmu yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan obat dalam
pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit.

Toksikologi
Ilmu yang mempelajari keracunan zat kimia, termasuk obat,zat yang
digunakan dalam rumah tangga, industri, maupun lingkungan hidup lain
misalnya insektisida, peptisida, dan zat pengawet.
Thank You

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