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Knowledge Representation & Reasoning: Ms. Fouzia Idrees
Knowledge Representation & Reasoning: Ms. Fouzia Idrees
Knowledge
Representation &
Reasoning
Definitions
NLP Machine Learning
Knowledge
Representation Expert System
& Reasoning
Lecture Contents
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.
• 1 The AI Cycle .
• 2 The dilemma.
• 3 Knowledge and its types
• 4 Towards Representation .
• 5 Formal KR techniques.
• 6 Facts .
• 7 Rules.
• 8 Semantic networks
• 9 Frames
• 10 Logic
• 11 Reasoning
• 12 Types of reasoning .
Lecture Contents
• Types of Knowledge: procedural,
declarative, meta, heuristic, structural
• Knowledge Representation Techniques
– Facts
– Object-attribute Value Triplets
– Semantic Networks
– Frames
– Logic:
• Propositional Calculus
• Predicate Calculus
The AI Cycle
LEARNING
PERCEPTION
KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION
REASONING
(KR)
PLANNING
EXECUTION
AI System
• Almost all AI systems have the
following components in general:
• Perception
• Learning
• Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning
• Planning
• Execution
AI System
• An AI system has a perception component that
allows the system to get information from its
environment.
• As with human perception, this may be visual, audio
or other forms of sensory information.
• The system must then form a meaningful and useful
representation of this information internally.
• This knowledge representation maybe static or it may
be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.
• Knowledge representation (KR) and reasoning are
closely coupled components; each is basically tied to
each other.
AI System
• A representation scheme is not meaningful on its
own; it must be useful and helpful to achieve certain
tasks.
• The same information may be represented in many
different ways, depending on how you want to use
that information.
• For example, in mathematics, if we want to solve
problems about ratios, we would most likely use
algebra, but we could also use simple hand drawn
symbols.
• To say half of something, you could use 0.5x or you
could draw a picture of the object with half of it
colored differently.
AI System
• QUESTIONS:
– Q1: How can we say KR to be
meaningful?
– Differentiate Knowledge and
Information?
The Dilemma
• We do not know how the KR and reasoning
components are implemented in humans,
even though we can see their appearance in
the form of intelligent behavior.
• Hence, the need for a synthetic (artificial) way
to model the knowledge representation and
reasoning capability of humans in computers.
The Simple Approach
• Instead of focusing on how knowledge is
acquired, we will assume for now that
knowledge is externally injected into the system.
• For now, we focus on how to represent some
given knowledge and then how to reason about
that knowledge for the purpose of inference
• Knowledge acquisition and learning will be
discussed later
What is Knowledge
• “Understanding of a subject area”
Durkin
• A well-focused subject area is
referred to as a knowledge domain,
for example, medical domain,
engineering domain, business
domain, etc..
Types of Knowledge
• Procedural knowledge: Describes how to do things,
provides a set of directions of how to perform certain
tasks, e.g., how to drive a car
• Declarative knowledge: It describes objects, rather
than processes. What is known about a situation. e.g. it
is sunny today, cherries are red
• Meta knowledge: Knowledge about knowledge, e.g., the
knowledge that blood pressure is more important for
diagnosing a medical condition than eye color.
• Heuristic knowledge: Rule-of-thumb. e.g. if I start
seeing shops, I am close to the market.
– Sometimes called shallow knowledge.
– Empirical as opposed to deterministic
• Structural knowledge: Describes structures and their
relationships. e.g. the how the various parts of the car fit
together to make a car, or knowledge structures in terms
of concepts, sub concepts, and objects.
Types of Knowledge
Structural Declarative
Relationships Knowledge Knowledge Objects
between Facts
Objects,
Concepts
Knowledge
Heuristic
Procedural
Knowledge Rules of
Rules Knowledge
Thumb
Procedures
Methods
Meta-
Knowledge Knowledge
about
Knowledge
Towards Representation
Ali
Graphs and Networks
• May be used to represent procedural
knowledge.
• e.g.How to start a car?