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Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending
Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending
Mechanics of Materials: Pure Bending
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
4 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Pure Bending
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Contents
Pure Bending Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Other Loading Types Plane of Symmetry
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Residual Stresses
Bending Deformations Concept Application 4.5, 4.6
Strain Due to Bending Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Beam Section Properties Concept Application 4.7
Properties of American Standard Shapes Sample Problem 4.8
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Unsymmetric Bending
Sample Problem 4.2 Concept Application 4.8
Bending of Members Made of Several Material General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
s
Concept Application 4.3
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
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Seventh Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane
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Seventh Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Seventh Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000
I x I A d 2 121 bh3 A d 2
Fig. 2 Composite sections for
12
1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12
calculating moment of inertia.
I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n 1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
nAs 8.06 24 85 in 4.95 in 2
2
Fig. 1 Transformed section to
calculate neutral axis.
• Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
x
12 x 4.95 4 x 0 x 1.450 in
2
I 13 12 in 1.45 in 3 4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2 44.4 in 4
Stress Concentrations
Fig. 4.24 Stress-concentration factors for Fig. 4.25 Stress-concentration factors for
flat bars with fillets under pure bending. flat bars with grooves (notches) under pure
bending.
Stress concentrations may occur:
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied Maximum stress:
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes Mc
m K
in cross section I
Plastic Deformations
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m strain varies linearly across the
c
section
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
Fig. 4.27 Linear strain distribution
in beam under pure bending. the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x
I
Plastic Deformations
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
M p 32 M Y plastic moment
Fig. 4.33 Bending stress
distribution in a beam for: (b) yield Mp
impending, M = My, (c) partially k shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
yielded, M > My, and (d) fully MY
plastic, M = Mp.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Seventh Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Residual Stresses
• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
120 10 6 m3 y
Y Y
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
yY 40 103 m
33.3 m
28.8 kN m Y 1.2 103
225 m
Fig. 4.41 Stress distribution for eccentric loading is obtained by superposing the
axial and pure bending distributions.
SOLUTION:
• Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
• Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
Fig. 1 Section geometry to find centroid
location. • Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable
From Sample Problem 4.2, tensile and compressive stresses.
A 3 103 m 2
• The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y 0.038 m of the two critical loads.
I 868 109 m 4
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Unsymmetric Bending
• 0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
• 0 M y z x dA z m dA
• The resultant force and moment y
from the distribution of c
elementary forces in the section or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
must satisfy couple vector must be directed along
Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple a principal centroidal axis
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
Fig. 4.49 Unsymmetric bending, with M z M cos M y M sin
bending moment not in a plane of
symmetry.
• Superpose the component stress distributions
Mzy Myy
x
Iz Iy
2
M yz
800 lb in 0.75 in 609.5 psi
Iy 4
0.9844 in
72.4o