REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PA N G A S I N A N S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
C O L L E G E O F T E A C H E R E D U C AT I O N
Department of Social Sciences
Quezon Blvd. Bayambang, 2423, Pangasinan, 6320268

MODULE 3:
THE ACT
REASON AND IMPARTIALITY DEFINED
THE 7 – STEP MORAL REASONING

PRESENTER:
GROUP 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
DEFINE WHAT ANALYSE THE DISTINGUISH THE
REASON AND SEVEN STEP REASON AND
IMPARTIALITY MORAL REASONING IMPARTIALITY.
ARE MODEL

REASON 1
IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WHAT IS
REASONIN
G?
2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
REASON 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Reasoning, is an active or explicit
thinking, in which the person,
responsibly guided by the assessments
of her reasons and of any applicable
requirements of rationality (Broome
2009, 2013), attempts to reach a well-
supported answer to a question
(Hieronymi 2013).

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Reasons have everything to do with ethics:
if you have no good reasons for an act or a
belief, then you can’t have thought it through
very well and maybe you shouldn’t be doing it
at believing it at all. Each and every one of us
should be clear about our reasons for our
values, beliefs and behaviors, and we should
each be able to give a reasoned account of
them.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This law of logic states that to reason at all, we
must assume that there exists a reasonable
explanation to something. If our goal is to
investigate anything from a viewpoint of reason,
then we must already presuppose that there exists a
reasonable way of thinking about it. So if we value
the ‘truth’, then we must therefore presuppose that
a truth that can be understood exist and that reason
is a valid path to understanding that truth.

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVESIf we cannot use reason as a tool used for
understanding truth, then there could can be no
truth that is reasonable. If we cannot reason
about truth, then how could we ever test
anything to be true or false in any reasonable
manner? So, if anything is true or if anything is
false, there must be a necessary reason for it.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LIMITATIO
N OF
REASON
2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVESThe use of reason as a way of knowing, allows
for the knower to see the consequences of their
actions throughout the decision-making process.
There are limitations to decisions made based on
reason alone, perception of situations is not
questioned as it may be with an emotional decision.
Reason, when removed from emotion, allows people
to make conscious decisions based on fact, with no
reference to personal involvement.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TYPES OF
REASON

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
-It answers the question:
What to do?
- is the use of reason to
decide how to act. It
determines a plan of action.

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Practical reason, Rational capacity by which
(rational) agents guide their conduct. In Immanuel
Kant’s moral philosophy, it is defined as the capacity
of a rational being to act according to principles (i.e.,
according to the conception of laws). Unlike the
ethical intuitionist, Kant never held that practical
reason intuits the rightness of particular actions or
moral principles.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
For him, practical reason was basically formal rather
than material, a framework of formative principles
rather than a source of specific rules. This is why he
put such stress on his first formulation of the
categorical imperative. Lacking any insight into the
moral realm, humans can only ask themselves if
what they are proposing to do has the formal
character of law, namely, the character of being the
same for all persons similarly circumstanced.

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Theoretical reason- is the use of
reason to decide what to follow. It
describes a situation as it is and only
stating what he believe should do and
not do.
It anwers the question: What to
believe?

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
COMPARISON
BETWEEN
PRACTICAL AND
THEORETICAL
REASONING
2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- Speculative reason, sometimes called theoretical reason or pure
reason, is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought, as opposed
to practical (active, willing) thought.
- Speculative reason is contemplative, detached, and certain,
whereas practical reason is engaged, involved, active, and
dependent upon the specifics of the situation.
- Theoretical reason tries to assess the way things are. Practical
reason decides how the world should be and what individuals
should do. While practical reason decides what to do, it cannot
remake reality any way it likes.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Moral reasoning- process where individual tries to determine
what is right and wrong in personal situation using logic. It may
be a combination of theoretical or practical reasoning.
It is also true that, on some understandings, moral reasoning
directed towards deciding what to do involves forming
judgments about what one ought, morally, to do. On these
understandings, asking what one ought to do can be a practical
question, a certain way of asking about what to do. In order to
do justice to the full range of philosophical views about moral.

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Moral reasoning can be defined as the process through
which individuals try to determine the difference
between what is right and wrong by using logic. This is
an important and often daily process that people use
when trying to do the right thing. For instance, every day
people are faced with the dilemma of whether to lie in a
given situation or not. People make this decision by
reasoning the morality of their potential actions, and
through weighing their actions against potential
consequences.

2
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL REASONING 3
 1
REASON
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
A moral choice can be a personal, economic, or ethical one; as
described by some ethical code, or regulated by ethical relationships
with others. This branch of psychology is concerned with how these
issues are perceived by ordinary people, and so is the foundation of
descriptive ethics. There are many different forms of moral reasoning
which often are dictated by culture. Cultural differences in the high-
levels of cognitive function associated with moral reasoning can be
observed through the association of brain networks from various
cultures and their moral decision making. These cultural differences
demonstrate the neural basis that cultural influences can have on an
individual’s moral reasoning and decision making.

IMPARTIALITY 2
MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WHAT IS
IMPARTIALIT
Y?

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNINGImpartiality
OBJECTIVES
(also called evenhandedness or
fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice
holding that decisions should be based on
objective criteria, rather than on the basis of
bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one
person over another for improper reasons.
Impartiality involves the idea that each
individual’s interests and point of view are
equally important.

MORAL REASONING 3
 REASON
IMPARTIALITY 1 2
ItLEARNING
makes no discrimination asOBJECTIVES
to
nationality, race, religious beliefs,
class or political opinions. It
endeavors to relieve the suffering of
individuals, being guided solely by
their needs, and to give priority to the
most urgent cases of distress.

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
HOW DO YOU
SHOW
IMPARTIALIT
Y?
MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Always give people an equal opportunity to
express their views.
2.Communicate with everyone, making sure the
most relevant message is provided to all.
3.By valuing everyone’s views and opinions by
actively listening to understand their perspective
4.Make fair and objective decisions using the best
available evidence.
5.I enable everyone to have equal access to
services and information.

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TO WHAT EXTENT IS
IMPARTIALITY A
NECESSARY
CONDITION OF
MORAL
JUDGEMENTS?

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Before exploring whether impartiality is a
necessary condition of moral judgements, it is
important to define impartiality. Impartiality is
the act to separate your own emotional
perspective of a particular situation from a
decision, or in other words a moral judgement,
you will make. Within the light of this
clarification, I will explore whether it is more
effective to detach oneself from personal
emotion when making moral judgements.

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I do believe that one ought to detach oneself from
emotional engagement when making moral decisions
because this impartiality provides a more accessible moral
compass. When relativism and an idea of partial moral
judgments becomes acceptable, ethics and morality’s
definition and purpose becomes too flexible to hold
meaning because everyone has their own definition of
what they class as moral. Impartiality avoids this and
enables making moral judgements to obtain clarity and
reasoned judgment. Before exploring whether impartiality
is a necessary condition of moral judgements, it is
important to define impartiality.

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2
REASON
IMPARTIALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Impartiality is the act to separate your own emotional perspective
of a particular situation from a decision, or in other words a
moral judgement, you will make. Within the light of this
clarification, I will explore whether it is more effective to detach
oneself from personal emotion when making moral judgements.
I do believe that one ought to detach oneself from emotional
engagement when making moral decisions because this
impartiality provides a more accessible moral compass. When
relativism and an idea of partial moral judgments becomes
acceptable, ethics and morality’s definition and purpose becomes
too flexible to hold meaning because everyone has their own
definition of what they class as moral. Impartiality avoids this
and enables making moral judgements to obtain clarity and
reasoned judgment.

MORAL REASONING 3
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7 – STEP
MORAL
REASONING
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Moral reasoning is sometimes affected
by emotions which blinds us from
deciding and seeing what acts are
needed to do what is right from wrong.
So in order to decide and do what is
actually right, we must do these steps in
order to fairly do an act and not be bias
about anything
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.First step in the Moral Reasoning Model is to
gather the facts. Some moral dilemmas can be
resolved just by clarifying facts of the case in
question. but in more complex cases, gathering the
facts is the indispensable first step before any
ethical analysis and reflection of the case. In
examining a case, we want to know the available
facts at hand , as well as any facts presently not
known but that need to be determined. We must ask
not only “what do we know?” in order to generate
an intelligent, ethical decision.
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2.Second step is determining the ethical issues. The
moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of
competing interests. It is these conflicting interest
that practically make for a moral dilemma. The
issues must be presented in a P vs. Q format to
reflect the interest that are colliding in a specific
moral dilemma. For instance many ethical decisions,
especially at the end of a patient’s life, can be stated
in terms of patient autonomy (or someones right to
make his/her decision about medical care) vs. the
sanctity of life (the duty to preserve life).
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
3.Third step is identifying the principles
that have a bearing on the case. In any
moral dilemma, there are sure moral
values or principles that are vital to the
rival positions being taken. It is very
significant to recognize these principles,
and in some cases, to decide whether
some principles are to be weighted more
heavily than others.
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4.Forth step is listing the alternatives. This step
involves coming up with the various alternative
courses of action as part of the creative thinking
included in resolving a moral dilemma. Though
there will be some alternatives which you will rule
out without much thought, in general , the more
alternatives that are listed, the better the chance
that your list will include some high-quality ones.
Also, you may come up with some very creative
alternatives that you had not considered before.
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
5.Fifth is comparing the alternatives with the
principles. This step involves eliminating
alternatives according to the moral principles that
have a bearing on the case. In many cases, the
case will be resolved at this point, since the
principles will remove all alternatives except one.
The purpose of this comparison is to determine is
not forthcoming, then the next step in the model
should be considered. Some of the alternatives, at
the least, may be rejected by this step of
comparison.
 N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
6.Sixth step is weighing the consequences. If
the principles do not produce a clear decision,
then a consideration of the consequences of
the remaining available alternatives is in
order. both positive and negative
consequences are to be considered. They
should be informally weighted since some
positive consequences are more beneficial
than others, and some negative consequences
are more detrimental than others
 1 2 3
R E A S OREASONING
N
IMPARTIALITY
MORAL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7.The last but not the least step is making a
decision. Since deliberation ought not to go
on forever, a decision must be made at some
point. It must be realized that one common
element to moral dilemmas is that there are no
easy and painless solutions to them. Normally,
the decision that is made is one that possesses
the least number of problems or negative
consequences, not one that is devoid of them.
THANK YOU!
PADAYON!
 GROUP 4:
L E A D E R , Po w e r Po i n t C r e a t o r , R e se a r c h e r, R e p o r t e r :

AMES BRYAN M. PRIMA

Members, Researchers, Reporters:
CHRISTINE BALBALOZA
A L L E N D AT U I N
JAIMMOEL
CALINGGANGAN
ARIES SERMONIA
MARGIE SORIANO
JE-ANN JUNIO