ITERATION

FORMULA
 Using Intermediate Value Theorem

WHEN IT IS ALREADY KNOWN THAT AN EQUATION HAS A ROOT

WITHIN A GIVEN INTERVAL, THAT INTERVAL CAN BE MADE

PROGRESSIVELY SMALLER BY THE REPEATED USE OF THE

INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM.

 Example

◍  
a. Show that the equation has a root Between 1 & 2.

b. By repeated use of the intermediate value theorem, find the value of correct to

1 d.p.
 a. Show that the equation has a root Between 1 & 2.

 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 +8 𝑥 − 10=0 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [1,2]

  0   >0

∴
  𝑓 ( 1)× 𝑓 (2) < 0

∴
  𝑏𝑦 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=0 h𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [1,2]
  a. By repeated use of the intermediate value theorem, find the
value of correct to 1 d.p.
To solve for b. we use an interval bisection method. Therefore we’re going to firstly find if
the interval lie between [1,1.5] or [1.5,2]

𝑓  ( 1.5 )=4.25
𝑓  ( 1 ) × 𝑓 ( 1.5 ) <0 𝑓  ( 1.5 ) × 𝑓 ( 2 ) >0 ∴
  𝛼 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙[1,1.5]

We can further narrow down this interval using

f(1.2)
𝑓  ( 1.2 ) =1.04 ∴ 𝛼 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [ 1,1.2]

𝑓  ( 1.1 ) =1.01∴ α 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [1,1.1]

At this point it can be seen that to 1 d.p. the answer can be 1.0
or 1.1
𝑇𝑜
  𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡h𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑒 h𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓 (1.05)

𝑓  ( 1.05 )=−0.4975
  therefore lies in the interval [1.05,1.1], therefore to 1 d.p. the root is
1.1
 Newton-Raphson Method

◍  
◍ This method is based on determining a linear approximation for a function

Suppose the equation has a root of and is an approximation for .

 
The curve cuts the x-axis at the root (

A is the point on the curve whose x

coordinate is so A is the point (

Let B ( be the foot of the perpendicular

from A to the x-axis

And let the tangent at A cut the x-axis at C

  If the tangent at P makes an angle with the x-axis then
 But in triangle ABC

 So

  𝑓 ( 𝑥 1)
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 2= 𝑥 1 −
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 1)

 If is an approximation to a root of the equation

  𝑓 ( 𝑥 𝑟)
𝑥 𝑟+1= 𝑥 𝑟 −
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 𝑟)
 Example

◍  
a. Show that the equation has a root Between 1 & 2.

b. Taking the number 1 as the first approximation for use the NEWTON-Raphson

method 3 times to find a better approximation to

 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 2 +8 𝑥 − 10=0

 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=2 𝑥+ 8 𝑥1 =1
 

  𝑓 ( 𝑥1 ) −1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − ′
=1− =1.1 𝑥2 =1.1
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥1) 10

  𝑓 ( 𝑥2 ) ( 1.1 )2 − 8 ( 1.1 ) − 10
𝑥3 = 𝑥 2 − ′ = 𝑥2 − =1.0990196 𝑥3 =1.0990196
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥2) 2 ( 1.1 )+ 8

  𝑓 ( 𝑥3 )
𝑥 4= 𝑥 3 − ′
=1.0990195
𝑓 ( 𝑥3 )

𝛼
  =1.09902 .
 Class Work
 

The function f is given by

Show that:
1.The equation f(x)=0 has a root in the interval [-1,0]
2.By choosing as an initial approximation to the root
that a better approximation of is
 a. Show that the equation has a root Between -1 & 0.

 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥3 + 4 𝑥+3=0 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [ − 1,0]

  0 𝑓  ( 0 )=3> 0

∴
  𝑓 ( −1 ) × 𝑓 ( 0 ) <0

∴
  𝑏𝑦 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=0 h𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [− 1,0]
 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 3 +4 𝑥 +3=0

 𝑓 ′ ( 𝑥 )=3 𝑥 2+ 4 𝑥 0=−1
 

  𝑓 ( 𝑥0 ) −2
𝑥1 =− 1 − ′
=− 1 − =− 0.714285
𝑓 ( 𝑥0 ) 7

  𝑓 ( 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − ′
=− 0.674222
𝑓 ( 𝑥1 )

  𝑓 ( 𝑥3 )
𝑥 4= 𝑥 3 − ′
=− 0.6735932
𝑓 ( 𝑥3 )

𝛼=−
  0.67 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑑 . 𝑝 .