IBN SIENA INTEGRATED SCHOOL FOUNDATION

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
S.Y. 2019-2020
CHAPTER 1

Prepared by:

MS.ASDICA D. H.CARIM
Instructor, SHS
 Chapter 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

•  the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources

in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. (noun) ;
investigate systematically (verb)
Source: Google.com
•  1 : careful or diligent search. 2 : studious inquiry or examination;
especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery
and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the
light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised
theories or laws.

Source: Merriam-Webster
The strict definition of scientific research is performing a methodical
study in order to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question.
Finding a definitive answer is the central goal of any experimental
process. Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps
and a rigid standard protocol.
Source: Explorable.com

 Systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise

current knowledge by discovering new facts. It is divided into two
general categories: (1) Basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing
scientific knowledge, and (2) Applied research is effort aimed at using
basic research for solving problems or developing new processes,
products, or techniques.
Source: BusinessDictionary.com
•  Research is more systematic activity that is directed toward
discovery and the development of an organized body of knowledge.
Research may defined as the systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development
of generalizations, principles or theories, resulting in prediction and
possibly ultimate control of events.
Source: John W. Best and James V. Kahn

•  Research refers to systematic process of collecting and logically

analyzing information (data) for some purpose.
Source: (MSMillan, J, & Schumacher, S., 2001)
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
(According to Lester and Lester Jr., 2015)

1. Research teaches students essential skills for writing a research paper. It

provides knowledge of different kinds of discovery methods.

Epistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge.

2 Kinds of Knowledge:
• 1. Priori Knowledge – acquired through anything that is independent from
experience.
• 2. Posteriori Knowledge – acquired by experience or empirical evidence.
2. Research teaches investigative skills.
3. Research develops inquiry-based techniques.
4. Research helps to improve career skills.
5. Research develops critical thinking.
Research Characteristics

1. Research is empirical. Research is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher.
2. Research is logical. It is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Research is cyclical. It starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Research is analytical. It proves analytical procedures in gathering the
data, whether historical, descriptive, and case study.
5. Research is methodical. It is conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.
6. Research replicable. Its designs and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
7. Research is critical. It exhibits carefully studied judgement.
Research Ethics
It relates to standards that should be upheld to guard participants from
harm or risk. Ethical considerations should be made at each stage of the
research design and include informed consent, voluntary participation
and respect for confidentiality.
Source: www. Kcl.ac.wk./library/nhs/training/glossary.doc

Intellectual Honesty – is applied method of problem solving in academia,

characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be
demonstrated in a number of different way including but not limited to:
1. One’s personal beliefs do not interfere with the pursuit of truth;
2. Relevant facts and information are not purposely omitted when such
things may contradict one’s hypothesis;
3. Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to give
misleading impressions or to support one view over another;
4. References or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible, and
plagiarism is avoided

Source: Wikipedia
Ethical Principles in Conducting Research
Honesty- Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report
data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting
agencies, or the public.
Objectivity -Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or
financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities, such as data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness - Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism
and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property - Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality -Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.
Responsible Publication- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring -Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for Colleagues- Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility- Strive to promote social good an prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of
sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and
integrity.
Competence- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as
a whole.
Legality- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection- When conducting research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy;
take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits
and burdens of research fairly.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Purposes & Uses:
 The purpose of any scientific inquiry is to add to a body of knowledge
that helps explain, predict, or control events of interest in the domain.
This is done through the use of quantitative Research approach. It
examines social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often
rely on statistical analysis of many cases to valid and reliable general
claims. The overall goal is to convey numerically what is being seen in
the research and to arrive at specific and observable conclusions.
 Generally, Quantitative methods are fairly inflexible. Researchers ask
all participants identical questions in the same order. The response
categories from which participants may choose are “closed-ended” or
fixed. The advantage of this inflexibility is that it allows for meaningful
comparison of responses across participants and study sites. However,
it requires a thorough understanding of the important question to ask,
the best way to ask them, and the range of possible responses.
 The best quantitative research gathers precise empirical data and can
be applied to gain a better understanding of several fields of study
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Aspect Characteristics Question Asked
Experimental At least one variable is What is the effect of the
manipulated to determine experimental variable?
the effect of the
manipulation.
Subjects are randomly
assigned to experimental
treatments.
Quasi-experimental At least one variable is What is the effect of the
manipulated to determine experimental variable.
the effect of the
manipulation.
Intact, naturally formed
groups are used.

Single-subject Investigates the causal How effective is the new

relationship between a behavior modification
factor and the behavior of program in controlling
a single or a few unruly behavior?
individuals.
Research Aspect Characteristics Question Asked
Descriptive Describes an existing What are the student’s
phenomenon by using attitudes toward
numbers to characterize science?
the group or individuals.
Correlational Assesses relationships What is the relationship
between two or more between teacher
phenomena. absences to student
academic performance?
Causal Comparative Explores possible causal What is the effect of the
relationships among type of day care center
variables that cannot be on school readiness?
manipulated by the
researcher. Do attitudes toward
Investigates whether math differ by gender?
there are differences
between two or more
groups on the
phenomena?
STRENGTHS:
 Testing and validating already constructed theories about how and
why phenomena occur.
 Testing hypotheses that are constructed before the data are collected.
 Can generalize research findings when the data are based on random
samples of sufficient size.
 Can generalize a research findings when it has been replicated on
many different populations and subpopulations.
 Useful for obtaining data that allows quantitative predictions to be
made.
 The researcher may construct a situations that climates the
confounding influence of many variables, allowing one to more
credibly establish cause and affect relationships.
 Data collection using some quantitative method is relatively quick
(e.g., telephone interviews).
 Provide precise, quantitative, numerical data.
 Data analysis is relatively less time consuming
(using statistical software).
 The research results are relatively independent of
the researcher (e.g., statistical significance).
 It may have higher credibility with many people in
power (e.g., administrators, politicians, people who
found programs).
 It is useful for studying large numbers of people.
WEAKNESSES:
– Researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings.
– Researcher’s theories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings.
– Researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring because
of the focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on
theory or hypothesis generation (called the confirmation bias).
– Knowledge produced may be too abstract and general for
direct application to specific local situations, contexts and
individuals.
VARIABLES: (independent & dependent Variable)
Variable- is a measurable characteristic that varies.
-It made up of root word “vary” w/c means to undergo
changes or to differ from, variables have different or varying
values in relation to time and situation.
-Broadly speaking, a variable is a “ target measurement” or
outcome of your problem statement/ research question.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE- Is the outcome of the study. A variable

you would be interested in predicting or forecasting. Sometimes
called as a response variable or predicted variable.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE-refers to the variable that explains the

response variable. Often called an explanatory variable or
predictor variable.
 Variables are either discrete if categorically
scaled (nominal or ordinal) or continually
scaled (interval or ratio).
 Quantitative variable is one in which the

variates differ in magnitude (e.g., age,

income, etc.).
 Qualitative variable is one in which the

variates a differ in kind rather than in

magnitude (e.g., gender, nationally, marital
status, etc.).
Use of Quantitative Method Across fields
  Thankyou
Ma’assallam


>_<
 _______
 END OF CHAPTER 1