Navigation

Navigation of ship
Navigation
• Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the pro
cess of monitoring and controlling the movement o
f a craft or vehicle from one place to another.The fie
ld of navigation includes four general categories: la
nd navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic naviga
tion, and space navigation.
Navigation of ship
• Navigation of ship and all under water craft is called
Marine Navigation . This requires a high degree of p
recision in planning and execution . The worldwide
satellite system is used nowadays for position of th
e ship with an accuracy of 100 meters .
Navigation terms

a. East and West - The direction towards which the

Earth rotates is called East . Opposite direction is
west .
a. .
b. Great circle -A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be
drawn around a sphere.The Equator is another of the Earth's great
circles. If you were to cut into the Earth right on its Equator, you'd
have two equal halves: the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Equator is the only east-west line that is a great circle.
• Meridian - A meridian (or line of longitude) is the hal
f of an imaginary great circle on the Earth's surface,
a coordinate line terminated by the North Pole and t
he South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude,
as measured in angular degrees east or west of the P
rime Meridian.
• Latitude - The latitude if a place is the angle , whic
h is perpendicular to earth surface at the place ,
makes with the plane of the equator , it is measur
ed 0 to 90 north or south of the equator .
• Longitude - The longitude of a place is the Angle be
tween the plane of prime meridian and the meridia
n of the place measured from 0 to 180 east or west
of Greenwich .
Longitude and latitude
• The Sea Mile - A unit of distance used in navigatio
n, defined as the length of one minute of arc, me
asured along the meridian, in the latitude of the p
osition. Its actual length varies slightly with latitud
e but is about 1853 metres (6080 feet) . Length of
sea mile is shortest at the equator 1842.9 mtrs w
hile longest sea mile is at the poles 1861.6 mtrs .
• Geographical mile -The geographical mile is a unit o
f length determined by 1 minute of arc along the Ea
rth's equator. For the international ellipsoid 1924 th
is equalled 1855.4 metres. The American Practical
Navigator 2017 defines the geographical mile as 60
87.08 feet (1855.342 m).
• International Nautical Mile - The international nau
tical mile is defined as exactly 1852 metres (6076 ft
; 1.151 mi). The derived unit of speed is the knot, o
ne nautical mile per hour .
• Knot - The knot si a unit of speed equal to one nau
tical mile per hour, exactly 1.852 km/h (approximat
ely 1.151 mph or 0.514 m/s).
• The ISO standard symbol for the knot is kn . The kn
ot is a non-SI unit.
• The knot is used in meteorology, and in maritime a
nd air navigation.
• A vessel travelling at 1 knot along a meridian travels
approximately one minute of geographic latitude in
one hour.
 Instruments and equipment used in
navigation
• R.A.D.A.R. for Radio aided Detection and Ranging
• It is a detection system that uses radio waves to determin
e the distance (range), angle, or velocity of objects.
• It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.
• A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electro
magnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a tran
smitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same ant
enna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver
and processor to determine properties of the object(s).
• Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter r
eflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving infor
mation about the object's location and speed.
The Drive
Behold The Navy's New Radar For Nimitz Class Carriers .
• Sextant -A sextant is a doubly reflecting navigation i
nstrument that measures the angular distance bet
ween two visible objects.
• The primary use of a sextant is to measure the angl
e between an astronomical object and the horizon f
or the purposes of celestial navigation.
• Compass - A device that always points towards ma
gnetic north, used for navigation.
• A compass is a device that shows the cardinal direc
tions used for navigation and geographic orientatio
n.
• It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or ot
her element, such as a compass card or compass r
ose, which can pivot to align itself with magnetic n
orth.
• Other methods may be used, including gyroscopes,
magnetometers, and GPS receivers.
Magnetic compass
• Eco sounder -Echo sounding is a type of sonar use
d to determine the depth of water by transmitting
acoustic waves into water.
• The time interval between emission and return of
a pulse is recorded, which is used to determine th
e depth of water along with the speed of sound in
water at the time.
• Log -Speed logs, also known as ship logs, chip logs,
or common logs, measure the speed of a vessel.
• The speed is determined with reference to water fl
owing by the hull (water reference speed) or to the
seabed (ground reference speed).
• The design of the instruments employed in estima
ting the speed was standardized over time.
• Plotting table - Used for plotting position and track
of the ship .
• Chart -A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a s
ea area and adjacent coastal regions.
• Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depth
s of water and heights of land (topographic map), natur
al features of the seabed, details of the coastline, naviga
tional hazards, locations of natural and human-made ai
ds to navigation, information on tides and currents, loca
l details of the Earth's magnetic field, and human-made
structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges.
Types of compass
• Magnetic compass - It functions as a pointer to "magn
etic north", the local magnetic meridian, because the
magnetized needle at its heart aligns itself with the ho
rizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field.
• The magnetic field exerts a torque on the needle, pulli
ng the North end or pole of the needle approximately
toward the Earth's North magnetic pole, and pulling th
e other toward the Earth's South magnetic pole.
• The needle is mounted on a low-friction pivot point, in
better compasses a jewel bearing, so it can turn easily.
• When the compass is held level, the needle turns until
, after a few seconds to allow oscillations to die out, it
settles into its equilibrium orientation.
• Gyro compass - It is a non-magnetic compass that fi
nds true north by using an (electrically powered) fa
st-spinning wheel and friction forces in order to exp
loit the rotation of the Earth. Courses and bearings
which are measured using gyro compass are tru pro
vided there is no error in compass . It is measured c
lock wise from 000 to 360 .
• Gyrocompasses are widely used on ships.
 Compass terminology
• Direction between two points is the angle between the meridian and the g
reat circle formed by them. In order to proceed in a particular direction, it
is important to have a reference. The most convenient reference is the me
ridian passing through the ship`s position because any meridian lies in the
north south irection. The bearing measured from this reference is called tr
ue bearing. Compass is used to find out the direction of the ship at sea.

• The various terms used in compass are as enumerated below: -

• (a)True North. True North is the Northerly direction of the meridian and is
the reference from which true bearings and courses are measured. The Ge
ographical North is True North.
• (b)True Bearing. A true bearing of an object is the angle between the meri
dian and direction of the object.
• (c)Compass North. When we take the magnetic compass onboard a ship it
is not only affected by earth magnetic force but also by the ship`s inherent
magnetism and the north shown by compass is known as Compass North.
• (d)Gyro North. The direction north indicated by Gyro compas
s is known as Gyro North which is also the true north.
• (e)Variation. The angle between the true meridian and the m
agnetic meridian at any place is called the variation at that p
ace. It is expressed in degrees and minutes. On ordinary char
s the variation is given for a certain year, together with a not
of any annual change, which it is Undergoing. The navigator
must always allow for this change.
• (f)Deviation. The angle between the magnetic meridian and
he direction in which the magnetic needle actually points is c
alled deviation. If the compass north lies to the east of the m
agnetic meridian, the deviation is said to be easterly; if west
t is said to be westerly.
Extra
• BASE PLATE: The flat part of the compass; the magnifying lens, map scales, dir
ection of travel arrow, and a hole for the neck cord are in this part.
• HOUSING: The round dial that turns; has orienting lines, orienting arrow, Nort
h point, magnetic needle, and is graduated to 360° in 2° increments.
• TRUE NORTH: Actual direction of the North Pole.
• GRID NORTH: The vertical grid lines (Meridians) on a topographical map.
• MAGNETIC NORTH: The direction toward which the magnetic needle points (so
mewhere north of Hudson Bay in Canada).
• MAGNETIC VARIATION: The angle between true north and magnetic north (her
e it is 17 ½ degrees East).
• GRID OR MAP BEARING: “Map-to-terrain” bearings.
• FIELD BEARING: Magnetic or compass bearing; “terrain to map.”
• “SETTING” THE MAP: Turning the map so that North is North.
• BACK BEARING: Shooting back to the landmark to see if you are still on the lin
e--turn you and your compass around; point the direction of travel arrow at th
e landmark; with the bearing degree set, the “south” arrow will be in the North
lane if you are still on line.
Thank you...
Jai Hind