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"Covalent Bonding": Pre-AP Chemistry Charles Page High School Stephen L. Cotton
"Covalent Bonding": Pre-AP Chemistry Charles Page High School Stephen L. Cotton
"Covalent Bonding": Pre-AP Chemistry Charles Page High School Stephen L. Cotton
Ball-and-stick model
Bonding”
Pre-AP Chemistry
Charles Page High School
Stephen L. Cotton
Section 8.1
Molecular Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
+ +
+ +
How does H2 form?
But, the nuclei are attracted to
the electrons
They share the electrons, and
this is called a “covalent bond”,
and involves only NONMETALS!
+ +
Covalent bonds
Nonmetals hold on to their valence
electrons.
They can’t give away electrons to bond.
– But still want noble gas configuration.
Get it by sharing valence electrons with
each other = covalent bonding
By sharing, both atoms get to count
the electrons toward a noble gas
configuration.
Covalent bonding
Fluorinehas seven valence
electrons (but would like to have 8)
F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence
electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
F F
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
…both end with full orbitals
F F
8 Valence
electrons
Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons…
…both end with full orbitals
F F
8 Valence
electrons
Molecular Compounds
Compounds that are bonded
covalently (like in water, or carbon
dioxide) are called molecular
compounds
Molecular compounds tend to have
relatively lower melting and boiling
points than ionic compounds – this is
not as strong a bond as ionic
Molecular Compounds
Thus, molecular compounds tend to
be gases or liquids at room
temperature
– Ionic compounds were solids
A molecular compound has a
molecular formula:
– Shows how many atoms of each
element a molecule contains
Molecular Compounds
The formula for water is written as
H2 O
– The subscript “2” behind hydrogen
means there are 2 atoms of
hydrogen; if there is only one atom,
the subscript 1 is omitted
Molecular formulas do not tell any
information about the structure (the
arrangement of the various atoms).
- Page 215
–Demonstrate how
electron dot structures
represent shared
electrons.
Section 8.2
The Nature of Covalent Bonding
OBJECTIVES:
• Ionic
compounds
organize in a
characteristic
crystal lattice of
alternating
positive and
negative ions,
repeated over
and over.
How to show the formation…
It’s like a jigsaw puzzle.
You put the pieces together to end up
with the right formula.
Carbon is a special example - can it
really share 4 electrons: 1s22s22p2?
– Yes, due to electron promotion!
Another example: lets show how water is
formed with covalent bonds, by using an
electron dot diagram
Water
Each hydrogen has 1 valence
H electron
- Each hydrogen wants 1
more
The oxygen has 6 valence
electrons
HO
Water
So,a second hydrogen attaches
Every atom has full energy levels
HO of electrons
H
Multiple Bonds
Sometimes atoms share more than
one pair of valence electrons.
A double bond is when atoms share
two pairs of electrons (4 total)
A triple bond is when atoms share
three pairs of electrons (6 total)
Table 8.1, p.222 - Know these 7
elements as diatomic: What’s the deal
with the oxygen
Br2 I2 N2 Cl2 H2 O2 F2 dot diagram?
Dot diagram for Carbon dioxide
CO - Carbon is central
2
atom ( more metallic )
CO
Carbon dioxide
Attachingthe second oxygen
leaves both of the oxygen 1 short,
and the carbon 2 short
OC O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O CO
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O CO
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O CO
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom can count all the
electrons in the bond
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom can count all the electrons in
the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom can count all the electrons in
the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom can count all the electrons in
the bond
8 valence
electrons
O C O
How to draw them?
Use the handout guidelines:
1) Add up all the valence electrons.
2) Count up the total number of
electrons to make all atoms happy.
3) Subtract; then Divide by 2
4) Tells you how many bonds to draw
5) Fill in the rest of the valence
electrons to fill atoms up.
Example
NH3, which is ammonia
H
NH has 5+3 = 8
3
H
H NH
Example: HCN
HCN: C is central atom
N - has 5 valence electrons, wants 8
C - has 4 valence electrons, wants 8
H - has 1 valence electron, wants 2
HC N
HCN
Put in single bonds
Needs 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N, not the H
Uses 8 electrons – need 2 more to
equal the 10 it has
HC N
HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add
Must go on the N to fill its octet
HC N
Another way of indicating
bonds
Often use a line to indicate a bond
Called a structural formula
Each line is 2 valence electrons
HOH H O H =
Other Structural Examples
H CN
H
CO
H
A Coordinate Covalent Bond...
When one atom donates both
electrons in a covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a good
example:
Both the carbon
CO
and oxygen give
another single
electron to share
Coordinate Covalent Bond
When one atom donates both
electrons in a covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a good
example: Oxygen
gives both of
This carbon these
electron
C O
electrons,
moves to since it has
make a pair no more
with the other singles to
single. share.
Coordinate Covalent Bond
When one atom donates both
electrons in a covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
The
coordinate
covalent bond
is shown with
an arrow as:
C O
C O
Coordinate covalent bond
Most polyatomic cations and
anions contain covalent and
coordinate covalent bonds
The ammonium ion (NH 1+) can
4
be shown as another example
Bond Dissociation Energies...
The total energy required to break
the bond between 2 covalently
bonded atoms
High dissociation energy usually
means the chemical is relatively
unreactive, because it takes
a lot of energy to break it down.
Resonance is...
When more than one valid dot
diagram is possible.
Consider the two ways to draw ozone
(O3)
Which one is it? Does it go back and
forth?
It is a hybrid of both, like a mule; and
shown by a double-headed arrow
found in double-bond structures!
Resonance in Ozone
Resonance
in an
acetate ion
(C2H3O21-):
The 3 Exceptions to Octet rule
For some molecules, it is
impossible to satisfy the octet rule
#1. usually when there is an odd
number of valence electrons
– NO2 has 17 valence electrons,
because the N has 5, and each O
contributes 6. Note “N” page 228
It is impossible to satisfy octet rule,
yet the stable molecule does exist
Bonding Theories
OBJECTIVES:
Methane has
an angle of
109.5o, called
tetrahedral
Ammonia has
an angle of
107o, called
pyramidal
Note the unshared pair that is repulsion for other electrons.
Section 8.4
Polar Bonds and Molecules
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe how
electronegativity values
determine the distribution
of charge in a polar
molecule.
Section 8.4
Polar Bonds and Molecules
OBJECTIVES:
The ability of an
atom in a molecule
to attract shared
electrons to itself.
Linus Pauling
1901 - 1994
Table of Electronegativities
Bond Polarity
Refer to Table 6.2, p. 177 (or handout)
Consider HCl
H = electronegativity of 2.1
Cl = electronegativity of 3.0
– the bond is polar
– the chlorine acquires a slight
negative charge, and the
hydrogen a slight positive charge
Bond Polarity
Only partial charges, much less
than a true 1+ or 1- as in ionic bond
Written as:
d+ d-
H Cl
thepositive and minus signs (with
the lower case delta: d+ and d-)
denote partial charges.
Bond Polarity
Can also be shown:
HCl
– the arrow points to the more
electronegative atom.
Table 8.3, p.238 shows how the
electronegativity can also indicate
the type of bond that tends to form
Polar molecules
Sample Problem 8.3, p.239
A polar bond tends to make the
d+ d- d+ d-
HF HF
#2. Dipole Interactions
d+
d-
d
d-
+
d+
d
-
d-
d+
d+ d-
d+
d-
d+
d+
d -
d-
#3. Hydrogen bonding
…isthe attractive force caused by
hydrogen bonded to N, O, F, or Cl
N, O, F, and Cl are very
electronegative, so this is a very
strong dipole.
And, the hydrogen shares with the
lone pair in the molecule next to it.
Thisis the strongest of the
intermolecular forces.
Order of Intermolecular attraction strengths
1
Hydrogen bonding allows H2O to be a
liquid at room conditions.
H
O
O
H O H
H
H
H
O
H O
H
H
H
H O
O
H
H
2
Attractions and properties
Why are some chemicals gases,
some liquids, some solids?
– Depends on the type of
bonding!
– Table 8.4, page 244
Network solids – solids in which
all the atoms are covalently
bonded to each other
3
Attractions and properties
Figure 8.28, page 243
Network solids melt at very high
temperatures, or not at all (decomposes)
– Diamond does not really melt, but
vaporizes to a gas at 3500 oC
and beyond
– SiC, used in grinding, has a
melting point of about 2700 oC
4
Covalent Network Compounds
Some covalently bonded substances DO
NOT form discrete molecules.