GSE Seminar on Thesis Writing

RESEARCH
SAMPLING
(SamplingTechniques)
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

RESEARCH

Prepared by:
Joan T. Dela Cruz
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

POPULATION

Refers to a group of potential

participants to whom you want to
generalize the results of a study.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

SAMPLE

Refers to a subset of that population.

• GENERALIZABILITY – When results are
generalizable, they can be applied
to a different populations with the
same characteristics in different
settings.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

• Why is sampling
FOCUS QUESTION:
important to the success of
research?
• Why is it critically
important that the criterion
used to assign people to
groups not be related to the
focus of the study or to the
topic of interest?
PROBABILITY SAMPLING STRATEGIES
The most commonly used because the selection
of participants is determined by chance.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• The most common type of probability
sampling.
• Each member of the population has an
equal and independent chance of being
selected to be part of the sample.
• When sampling randomly, the
characteristics of the sample should
be very close to that of the
population.
 THE PROCESS OF SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING
The definition of the population from
which you want to select the sample.

The listing of all the members of the

population.

The assignment of numbers to each

member of the population.

The use of criterion to select the

sample you want.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• Reduces the chances of certain
participants being selected.
• It is less unbiased than simple random
sampling.
• Every kth name on the list is chosen.
• “kth” stands for a number between 0
and the size of the sample that you
want to select.
 FOLLOW THE STEPS:
1. Divide the size of the population
by the size of the desired sample.

e.g. 50/10=5
2. Choose one name from the list at
random as the starting point. Do this
by the “eyes closed, pointing
method”.
3. Select the fifth name

e.g. Rose(#43), the sample will consist of

Joan(#48), Gina(#3), Erven(#8), Geline(#13),
Bea(#18), Vanessa(#23), Merys(#28),
Edmond(#33),and Sheena(#38).
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• It is used to ensure that the strata
(layers) in the population are fairly
represented in the sample.
• It leaves too much to chance, especially
if you have no assurance of equal
distributions of population members
throughout the sample, and most
important, if the factors that
distinguish population members from one
another are related to what you are
studying.
 STEPS APPLY TO ALL
CIRCUMSTANCES:
Males and females are listed
separately.

Each member in each group receives a

number.

Four females are selected at random

from the list of 20

Six males are selected at random from

the list of 30
CLUSTER SAMPLING
• Clusters – Group of occurrences that
occur together.
• Units of individuality are selected
rather than individuals themselves.
• It as a great time saver, but you must
be sure that the units are homogeneous
enough such that any differences in the
unit itself might not contribute to a
bias.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING STRATEGIES
Assumes that potential members of the sample do not
have an equal & independent chance of being selected.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

QUOTA SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• It might recognize this method of
sampling as the reason why so many
experiments in psychology are based on
results using college sophomores; these
students are a captive audience and
often must participate for credit.
QUOTA SAMPLING
• Selects people with the characteristics
you want but does not randomly select
from the population a subset of all, as
would occur in proportional stratified
sampling.
 GSE Seminar on Thesis Writing

RESEARCH
Scope and Delimitation
of the Study
 SCOPE & DELIMINATION

SCOPE & DELIMITATION: DEFINITION

The scope details how in-depth your study is to
explore the research question and the parameters in
which it will operate in relation to the population
and timeframe.

The delimitations of a study are the factors

and variables not to be included in the
investigation. In other words, they are the
boundaries the researcher sets in terms of
study duration, population size and type of
participants, etc.
 GUIDELINES ON HOW TO
WRITE A SCOPE
Why – the general aims and objectives (purpose) of the research.

What – the subject to be investigated, and the included variables.

Where – the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data
will be gathered and to which entity the data will belong.

When – the timeframe within which the data is to be collected.

Who – the subject matter of the study and the population from
which they will be selected. This population needs to be large
enough to be able to make generalizations.

How – how the research is to be conducted, including a description

of the research design.
GUIDELINES ON HOW TO
WRITE A DELIMINATION
Since the delimitation parameters are within
the researcher’s control, readers need to know
why they were set, what alternative options
were available, and why these alternatives
were rejected.

Your reasons should always be linked back to

your research question, as all delimitations
should result from trying to make your study
more relevant to your scope. 

The scope and delimitations are usually

considered together when writing a paper.
THANK YOU! 
 REFERENCES
Salkind, Neil J. Exploring Research.
Pearson, 2012.

https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/scope-
and-delimitations

https://thesisnotes.com/thesis-
writing/sample-scope-and-delimitation/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mabkne7w5d8