Environmental Engineering-1

CE-143
Lecture-10 : Water treatment process (FILTERATION & DISINFECTION)

Prepared By: Md. Abdul Aziz

Lecturer, Department Of Civil Engineering
CCN University of Science & Technology
 FILTRATION OF WATER

“ To remove or to reduce impurities still further, water is filtered through the beds of fine granular material like
sand, anthracite coal etc.

THEORY OF FILTRATION: 4 types namely

• Mechanical straining
• Sedimentation
• Biological metabolism
• Electrolytic changes
FILTER SAND MEDIA
Filter sand is classified on the basis of effective size as well as uniformity coefficient.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS:

Slow sand
Gravit filters
y Rapid sand
Filter filters
Pressur filters
s
e
SLOW SAND FILTERS:
Purpose:
Water is allowed to pass slowly through a layer of sand placed
above the base material.Purification process aims at improving
the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of water.
Essential components:
Enclosure tank: -stone masonry/brick masonry
-waterproof material
-bed slope is 1 in 100 to 1 in 200
-depth of the tank is 2.5 m to 3.5 m

Underdrainage system:
• Central drain
• Lateral drain
• Placed at a distance of
about 2.5 to 3.5 m.
• Stopped at a distance of
500 mm to 800 mm
from walls of the tank.
• Open joint pipes
Base material:
• Placed on top of the
underdrainage system
• Varies from 300 mm to 700
mm depth
LAYER DEPTH OF LAYER SIZE OF GRAVEL
Topmost 150mm 3mm- 6mm
Intermediate 150mm 6mm- 20mm
20mm- 40mm
150mm
Lowest 150mm 40mm- 65mm
Total 600mm depth
Filter media:
• A layer of sand is placed above the gravel of layer depth 600 mm to 900 mm.
• Size varies from 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm.
•Uniformity coefficient (Cu) of sand is 2 to 3.
Working/ Operation:
• The water is allowed to enter the filter
through the inlet chamber. It descends
through the
filter media and during this process, it gets
purified.
• These filters are usually worked for a
maximum filtration head of 750 mm.
Cleaning:
• Top layer is removed to a depth of 15 to 25
mm
• Effective depth of filter media is reduced
• Fresh layer of 150mm depth of graded sand is
added

Rate of filtration:
100 to 200 liters per hour per m² of filter area

Efficiency:
• Bacterial load: 99.5 to 99.9 percent removal
efficiency
•Colour : less efficient in removal of colour (20-25%)
•Turbidity: can remove turbidity of 50 p.p.m
 FILTER MEDIA OF SAND:

• Filtering medium: sand ( effective size of sand particles 0.4-0.7 mm, coarse sand)
• Depth of sand bed: 1-1.5 feet deep
• Clogging of filters by suspended impurities and bacteria: Loss of Head
• Cleaning by back-washing daily or weekly for 15 minutes
Properties Rapid sand filter Slow sand
filter

Area Small area Large area

Rate of filtration(L/m2/hr) 4000-7500 100-400

Sand size (diameter) 0.4-0.7 mm 0.2-0.3 mm

Pretreatment Coagulation and sedimentation Sedimentation

Filter cleaning Backwashing Scraping

Operation More skilled Less skilled

Removal of colour Good Better

Removal of bacteria 98-99% 99.9%-99.99%

Prior water storage Storage needed No need

PRESSURE FILTERS:
Construction:
•Closed steel cylinders.
•Diameter varies from 1.5 to 3.0 m.
•Length or height varies from 3.5 to 8.0m.
•Manholes are provided at the top for inspection.

Working:
•The water mixed with coagulant is directly admitted to the pressure filter.
•In working condition all valves are closed except those for raw water and filtered water.

Cleaning
•The compressed air may be used to agitate sand grains.
•Valves for wash water and wash water drain are opened during washing.

Rate of filtration: 6000-15000litres/hr/sq.m.

Efficiency: Less efficient than the rapid sand filters.

HOW TO CLEAN PRESSURE FILTERS:
 PART 2: DISINFECTION

• Disinfection may be defined as the killing or destruction of pathogenic

(disease causing m/o)
• Sterilization may be defined as the destruction or killing of pathogenic
as well as non pathogenic (which are not disease causing m/o).
 METHODS OF DISINFECTION:
•BOILING METHOD
• THIS IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF KILLING BACTERIA BUT IMPRACTICABLE IN
LARGE SCALE.
• MOST OF BACTERIA ARE DESTROYED WHEN THE
WATER HAS ATTAINED OF ABOUT 80˚C
TEMPERATURE.
• PROLONGED BOILING IS UNNECESSARY AND
WASTEFUL.

•EXCESS LIME TREATMENT

• TREATMENT OF LIME IS GIVEN TO THE WATER
FOR THE REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED SALTS.
• EXCESS LIME ADDED TO WATER WORKS AS
DISINFECTING MATERIAL.
• WHEN PH VALUE IS ABOUT 9.50, BACTERIA CAN
BE REMOVED TO THE EXTENT OF 99.93 PER CENT.
IODINE AND BROMINE TREATMENT
• Use of iodine or bromine is limited to small water supplies such as
swimming pools, troops of army, private plants, etc.
• Dosage of iodine or bromine is about 8 p.p.m.
• Contact period with water is 5 minutes.
• Available in the form of pellets or small pills.

SILVER TREATMENT
• Colloidal silver is used to preserve the quality of water stored in jars.
• Metallic silver is placed as filter media. Water get purified while passing
through theses filters.
• Dosage of silver varies from 0.05 to 1 p.p.m.
• Contact period is about 15 minutes to 3 hours.
• It is costly and limited to private individual houses only.
OZONE TREATMENT(3O2 =2O3)
• Nascent oxygen is very powerful in killing bacteria.
• Ozone is unstable
• Ozone does not remain in water till the time it reaches the consumer while travelling through the
water supply lines.

• Dosage of ozone is about 2 to 3 p.p.m.

• Contact period is approx 10 minutes
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TREATMENT(KMnO4)
• It is a powerful oxidising agent, effective in killing cholera bacteria
• Restricted to disinfection of water of village wells and ponds
• Dosage is about 2.1 p.p.m
• Contact period of 3 to 4 hours
• The treated water produces a dark brown coating
on porcelain vessels and this is difficult to remove
except with scratching or rubbing.
ULTRA-VIOLET RAY TREATMENT
• For generating these rays, the mercury is
enclosed in one or more quartz bulbs and electric
current
is then passed through it.
• The water should be passed round the
bulbs several times .
• Depth of water over the bulbs should
not exceed 10 cms.
Used as a disinfecting material as,
DISINFECTION BY CHLORINATION:
• It is easy to apply due to relatively
high solubility of about 7000 mg
per litre.
• Readily available as gas, liquid or
powder.
• Very toxic to most of the micro-
organisms.
• Cheap and reliable.
• Chlorine can be applied in water in
one
of the following ways:
as bleaching
powder, as
chloramines, or
as free chlorine
gas.
HOCl (at pH > 8.5) H+ + OCl- (minor action)
Mechanism of action:
•• 1.
2.HNH
2O+Cl2 (at pH 7) = HCl +
3+ HOCl = NH2Cl/NHCl2/NCl3 + H2O
HOCl (main disinfectant)
(Mono, Di ,Tri Chloramines)
ASSIGNMENT: DESIGN A WATER TREATMENT PLANT SHOWING ALL ITS
COMPONENT.

THANK YOU