CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

BY DAVID AGYEMAN DUAH(ING)

 WHAT IS A COMPOUND?
• A Compound is formed by the chemical
combination of elements
• examples of some common compounds
includes water, salt, glucose, sand, chalk
etc
 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

• Liquid compound -
they are compounds
that are liquid in nature.
examples are water,
petrol, deisel etc
 solid compound-
• they are compounds
that are solid in
nature. examples are
sand, chalk, glucose
etc
 Gas compound -
• they are compounds that
are gaseos in nature or
exists as gases. examples
are carbon (IV) oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, sulphur
dioxide
 CHEMICAL FORMULAE
• chemical formulas are alphabets that represents the
various elements that makes up a compound
• examples are;
SUBSTANCE CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL
FORMULAE
SALT SODIUM CHLORIDE NaCl

WATER WATER H2O

LIME WATER CALCIUM CaCO3

CARBONATE
HOW TO WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF A
COMPOUND
• The steps to name a compound involves
 the symbol of the elements
 the valency of the elements
Example
The compound between calcium and chlorine
 calcium is Ca
 chlorine is Cl
 The valency of Ca is 2
 The valency of Cl is 1
HOW TO WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF A
COMPOUND
• Therefore to write the chemical formulae for calcium and
chlorine is by crossing the valency ie
• Ca2 Cl1

Ca Cl2
 SAMPLE QUESTIONS

• Write the chemical formula for the compound formed

between the following
1. Aluminium and Oxygen
2. Silicon and Oxygen
3. Magnesium and Sulphur
 NOTE that when a metallic element is forming a
compound with a radical, the crossing method is still used
but if the number of Oxygen atoms is more than one the
radical is placed in a bracket
 COMPOUND BETWEEN A RADICAL AND A
METALLIC ELEMENT
1. Aluminium and Sulphate
Al3 SO 2 4

2
4

Al2 (SO4 )3

The compound is therefore written as Al2(SO4)3

 NAMING A CHEMICAL COMPOUND
• Compounds are mostly referred to by their common names
• examples includes
COMPOUND COMMON NAME

NaCl sodium cloride

CO2 Carbondioxide
 CONTINUE
• Because differents cultures have different names
for these compounds ;the universally accepted way
of naming a compound is described by the
international union of pure and applied chemistry.
(IUPAC NAME). The IUPAC names are also refered
to as the systematic names.
 IUPAC/ SYSTEMATIC NAMES
• The systematic names of some compouds remains
as the common name. examples includes; sodium
chloride, potassium chloride, water etc
• Other compounds follow a set of rules and
regulations to names the compound
 IUPAC/ SYSTEMATIC NAMES CONT
• The steps involve in naming a compound
involves;
calculating the oxidation
latin names for the number of Oxygen atoms in
a compound.
IUPAC/ SYSTEMATIC NAMING CONT.
OXYGEN ATOMS LATIN NAME
1 MONO
2 DI
3 TRI
4 TETRA
 IUPAC/ SYSTEMATIC NAMING CONT.
• calculation of oxidation number is on compounds
whose negative part is from a radical

• for example CaCO3 has the positive element Ca and

the negative part from the carbonate radical (CO3)

 HOW TO CALCULATE FOR THE
OXIDATION NUMBER
• All compounds have a total charge of
zero
• the oxidation number is claculated on the
element reacting with oxygen in the
radical.
 HOW TO CALCULATE FOR THE
OXIDATION NUMBER
• the charge of the individual elements in the
compound is also used.
• the element whose oxidation number is being
calculated is represented with a variable or
alphabets
CALCULATION OF OXIDATION NUMBER

• CaCO3 =0 • y=6-2
• C=y • y=4
• Ca= +2(charge) • the oxidation number of
• O= -2(charge) Carbon is 4 which is
written as (IV) in roman
• therefore the clalculation
numerals
goes on as;
• the systematic name is
• (2*1)+y+(-2*3)=0
therefore Calcium
• 2+y-6=0
Trioxocarbonate (IV)
 EXAMPLES
• Determine the systematic name of the following
compounds by showing the calculation of the oxidation
numbers.
• K2CrO7
• H2SO4
• HNO3
• NOTE: when a compound is charged the total charge
of the compound is equal to the charge. the same
crossing method is used to claculate for the
 CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION
• Chemicl reaction is a term used to decribe the
change that occur when elements or compounds
reacts to produce new compounds
• the equation used to represent the change that is
occuring is called the chemical equation.
.
CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATION
CONT
• therefore chemical equation refers to the
representation of chemical reactions showing
clearing the state of reactants and the state of
products
• the reactants are at the left side of the arrow in the
equation and the products are at the right hand side
 CHEMICAL EQUATION
• A+B→C+D

• In the above equation A and B is referred to as the

reactants
• C and D are referred to as the products.
 CHEMICAL EQUATION
• in writing the chemical equation the state of the reactant
and the products are indicated
• solid-s
• liquid-l
• gas-g

• aqeous-aq
 CHEMICAL EQUATION

• In writing the eqauation of a reaction the symbol for

the elements or compounds are used to represents
the reactants and products
• note that elements that are di atomic or are
molecules are written as such.
 Example of di atomic elements are;
• chlorine- Cl2

• oxygen - O2

• hydrogen - H2

• Flourine- F2

• Iodine- I2

• Nitrogen - N
 CHEMICAL EQUATION
Magnesium and Oxygen
• Magnesium-Mg

• Oxygen - O2

• Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)

 CHEMICAL EQUATION
Hydrogen and Chlorine

 Hydrogen- H2

 Chlorine- Cl2

 H2 + Cl2 → HCl
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
• To balance a chemical equation; the total
number of atoms in the reactants should be
equal to the total number of atoms in products
• the balancing is done by increasing the
number of molecules by simple whole
numbers
 Examples

• H2 + O 2 → H2 O
2 +2 →2+1
4 → 3
• since the total number of reactant is 4 and the total
number products are 3 they have to be balance
 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemistry, rxn, matter is neither created nor destroyed
In other words, the number and type of atoms going INTO
a rxn must be the same as the number and type of atoms

coming OUT.
“If an equation obeys the Law of Conservation, it is
balanced. “
 Subscripts and Coefficients

• Subscript - shows how many atoms of an element are in a

molecule.

• Ex: H2O

2 atoms of hydrogen (H)

1 atom of oxygen (O)

 Subscripts and Coefficients

• Coefficient - shows how many molecules there are of a

particular chemical.

• Ex: 3 H2O

Means there are 3 water molecules.

Rules for Balancing Chemical Equation

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed.

• Subscripts cannot be added, removed, or

changed.
• Coefficients can only be change.

• Coefficients can only go in front of chemical

formulas.. NEVER in the middle of a formula.
 EXAMPLES
1. Al + O2 → Al2O3
Aluminum + Oxygen → Aluminum Oxide
4Al + 3O2 →2 Al2O3
• 2. KCl03 → KCl + O2
Potassium Chlorate → Potassium Chloride + Oxygen
2KCl03 → 2KCl +3 O2
• 3. Mg + AgNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + Ag
Magnesium + Silver nitrate → Magnesium Nitrate + Silver
Mg + 2AgNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag
 ASSIGNMENTS

• 4. (NH4 )2 SO4 +Fe (SO3)3 → Fe2 (SO4)3 + NH4NO3

Ammonium sulfate + Iron(III) Sulfite → Iron(III) Sulfate +
Ammonium Nitrate

• 5. C3H7OH + O2 → CO2+ H2O

Propanol + Oxygen →Carbon Dioxide + Water