CONTROL SYSTEMS IN

THE BODY
PHYSIOLOGY PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY
FIZA IRSHAD
CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
• Anything that must be maintained in the body within a normal range must
have a control system. A control system consists of four components
• STIMULUSFD SENSOR C CONTROL CENTRE EFFECTOR
• EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MECHANISMS:
• Regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the
extracellular fluids.
• Regulation of arterial blood pressure
 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
• DEFINITION:
• A feedback mechanism is a physiological regulatory system that either returns
the body to a normal internal state (homeostasis) or, less commonly, brings an
internal system further away from homeostasis. Two mechanisms exist
• Negative Feedback System
• Positive Feedback System
• These act via nerve pathways or chemicals such as hormones to cause a
stimulatory or inhibitory effect.
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• Most control systems maintain homeostasis by a process called negative
feedback. Negative feedback prevents a physiological variable or a body
function from going beyond the normal range. It does this by reversing a
physiological variable change (stimulus) once the normal range is
exceeded. The components of a negative feedback are the sensor (or
sensory receptor), the control center (where the set point is), and the
effector.
 POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• Positive feedback is a mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s
physiological condition rather than reversing it (as a negative feedback
mechanism does). A deviation from the normal range results in more
change, and the system moves farther away from the normal range.