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  • Biosystematics in Terms of Evolution

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    Ella Joy Yee
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    Biosystematics uses evolutionary relationships to classify and group organisms. It studies phylogeny, which represents the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms using phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the branching patterns of evolutionary descent and can be cladograms showing only branching order or phylograms showing branching order and genetic distances. Biosystematics aims to determine monophyletic groups that share a common ancestor rather than paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups.

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    Biosystematics uses evolutionary relationships to classify and group organisms. It studies phylogeny, which represents the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms using phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the branching patterns of evolutionary descent and can be cladograms showing only branching order or phylograms showing branching order and genetic distances. Biosystematics aims to determine monophyletic groups that share a common ancestor rather than paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups.

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    37 views48 pages

    Biosystematics in Terms of Evolution

    Uploaded by

    Ella Joy Yee
    Biosystematics uses evolutionary relationships to classify and group organisms. It studies phylogeny, which represents the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms using phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic trees illustrate the branching patterns of evolutionary descent and can be cladograms showing only branching order or phylograms showing branching order and genetic distances. Biosystematics aims to determine monophyletic groups that share a common ancestor rather than paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups.

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    of 48

    BIOSYSTEMATI

    CS in terms of
    EVOLUTION
    TERESA MARIE YAP CORDERO
    Reporter
    LEARNING
    OUTCOME/s:
    ◈To explain biosystematics
    in terms of Evolution.

    2
    SYSTEMATICS
    -scientific study of the diversity of
    organisms.
    Classification
    Nomenclature
    Phylogenetics
    3
    BIOSYSTEMATIC
    S IN TERMS OF
    EVOLUTION

    4
    EVOLUTION
    ◈ The historical development of a
    biological group.
    ◈ PHYLOGENY

    5
    PHYLOGENY
    ◈ Evolutionary history of a group.
    ◈ Represented by a Phylogenetic
    tree/Dendogram.

    6
    PHYLOGENETIC TREE

    7
    8
    9
    2 Types of Dendogram:
    ◈ Cladogram
    ◈ Phylogram

    10
    CLADOGRAM
    ◈ Show
    branching
    order-branch
    lengths are
    equal. 11
    CLADOGRAM

    12
    CLADOGRAM

    13
    CLADOGRAM

    14
    CLADOGRAM

    15
    PHYLOGRAM
    ◈ Show branch
    orders and
    different
    branch
    lengths. 16
    PHYLOGRAM

    17
    PHYLOGRAM

    18
    TREE TERMINOLOGY

    19
    INGROUP & OUTGROUP
    ◈ INGROUP
    -group of organisms with
    primary interest.

    ◈ OUTGROUP
    -outside the group of
    interest.

    20
    CLADISTICS
    ◈ Method used to develop
    hypothesis of evolutionary
    history.
    ◈ Interpreted into a Cladogram.
    21
    CLADISTICS
    ◈ Willi Hennig(1913-
    1976)
    -relationship interpreted
    as clades.
    -best tree is determined by
    greater amount of evidence.
    22
    CLADOGRAM
    ◈ CLADE
    -evolutionary branch that includes:
    a. A common ancestor
    b. ALL its descendant species
    23
    CLADOGRAM

    24
    PHYLOGENETIC METHODS:
    ◈ Morphology
    -homologous characters
    -analogous structure
    -convergent evolution

    25
    CONVERGENT EVOLUTION:

    26
    PHYLOGENETIC METHODS:
    ◈ Fossils
    -can be dated
    using
    radiometric
    dating
    27
    PHYLOGENETIC METHODS:
    ◈ Behavior
    -e.g. mating behavior

    ◈ Molecules (DNA)
    -DNA sequence
    28
    DNA SEQUENCE

    29
    ANCESTRAL TRAITS
    ◈ Present in all members of the group.
    ◈ Present in the common ancestor(root)

    30
    DERIVED TRAITS
    ◈ Present in some members of a group
    but absent in the common
    ancestor(root).
    ◈ The most important traits in clarifying
    evolutionary relationships.
    31
    32
    TERMINOLOGIES
    DEVELOPED BY
    WILLI HENNIG:
    33
    PLESIOMORPHY
    ◈An ancestral or primitive
    character.

    34
    SYMPLESIOMORPHY
    ◈A shared ancestral or primitive
    character.

    35
    APOMORPHY
    ◈A derived feature or character.

    36
    SYNAPOMORPHY
    ◈A shared derived character.

    37
    AUTAPOMORPHY
    ◈A character unique to a single
    taxon.

    38
    AUTAPOMORPHY
    Coelacanth
    fishes
    vertebrates Lungfish
    birds

    39
    40
    PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION:
    ◈ Monophyletic Group
    ◈ Paraphyletic Group
    ◈ Polyphyletic Group

    41
    MONOPHYLETIC

    42
    MONOPHYLETIC

    43
    PARAPHYLETIC

    44
    PARAPHYLETIC

    45
    POLYPHYLETIC

    46
    OCKHAM’S RAZOR
    ◈ William of Ockham
    ◈ The Principle of
    Parsimony
    -the simplest
    explanation is the best.
    47
    PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE

    Why is it so
    important?

    48

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