LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER

Ludwig Karl Hilberseimer (September 14,

1885 – May 6, 1967) was a German
architect and urban planner best known
for his ties to the Bauhaus and to Mies
van der Rohe, as well as for his work in
urban planning at Armour Institute of
Technology (now Illinois Institute of
Technology), in Chicago, Illinois.[

Hilberseimer studied architecture at the Karlsruhe Technical University from

1906 to 1910. He left before completing a degree. Afterward he worked in the
architectural office Behrens and Neumark. Until 1914 he was coworker in the
office of Heinz Lassen in Bremen. Later he led the planning office for
Zeppelinhallenbau in Berlin Staaken. Beginning in 1919 he was member of
the Arbeitsrat für Kunst and November Group, worked as independent
architect and town planner and published numerous theoretical writings over
art, architecture and town construction.
Hilberseimer's Decentralized City was published for the first time in The New City
magazine in 1944. The city arose in response to the problems caused by the
industrial age. The first phase of this industrialization was based on the
concentration of production and separation between the city and the countryside,
which is why Hilberseimer thought that the second phase should be focused on
decentralization and diversification of production, both agriculture and industry, and
a closer relationship between city and countryside.
These apartments had always the same size and space, regardless of whether it
had a street or a courtyard in between, and they were always located taking into
account the orientation of the sun, facing east and west. The interior layout of the
apartments was designed so that the rooms faced the patio and the living room
and the stairs gave onto the street, allowing cross ventilation.
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis
 (is also Konstantinos; 14 May 1913 – 28 June
1975), often cited as C. A. Doxiadis, was
a Greek architect and town planner. He was
known as the lead architect of Islamabad, the
new capital of Pakistan in the 1960s, and later
as the father of Ekistics, which concerns the
science of human settlements.

EKISTICS
Ekistics is the science of human
settlements including regional,
city, community planning and
dwelling design. Its major
incentive was the emergence of
increasingly large and complex
conurbations, tending even to a
worldwide city
As a scientific mode of study, ekistics currently relies on statistics and
description, organized in five ekistic elements or principles: nature,
anthropos, society, shells, and networks. It is generally a more scientific field
than urban planning, and has considerable overlap with some of the less
restrained fields of architectural theory.
CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS. Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements. Pp. 527. New York : Oxford University Press
The University of the
Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
(1959)
Doxiadis was involved in
the design of this new
campus in Pakistan and
used ekistic principles to
create a campus he
believed was built for true
"human scale." Doxiadis
limited the number of
roads on campus, banning
them from the classroom
areas. All the educational
buildings are inter
connected to permit
people to walk from one
to the other. Courtyards
provide a place for
meetings between people.