THE PHYSICAL SELF:

The Self As Impacted By The Body.

THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON
BODY IMAGE AND SELF
ESTEEM:

THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY

 CULTURE
It is defined as a social system that is
characterized by the shared meanings that
are attributed to people and events by its
members.
 CULTURE
All the concepts and theories (both personal
and social) that may affect the person's view of
his physical self, there's another factor that
strongly impacts his perception his cultural
milieu.
 The body image created by adolescent
which includes perceptions and feelings
about oneself could either be positive or
negative. This is based on how the
adolescent measures up to the cultural
standards of an ideal body image.
 THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF
BEAUTY
EUROCENTRISM is defined as “tendency to
interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-
American values and experiences.” Filipino with
Eurocentric features are seen everywhere in media.
 THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF
BEAUTY

Colorism is defined as “the prejudicial or

preferential treatment of same-race people based
solely on the color of their skin.”
Self Esteem And The
Real Body Image
 Self-esteem is a measure of a person's self-worth based
on some personal or social standard.

Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself, It is aa

global evaluative dimension of the self.
“I am unloved”, “l am worthy”
 Hewstone et al.,(2015) defines self-esteem as the
overall evaluation that a person has of himself which can
be positive or negative, high or low.
 ADOLESCENT'S BODY IMAGE
1. Perception of their physical self when they look
in the mirror.
2. Feelings of like or dislike about the physical
self that they see.
3. Their thoughts and how they relate to their
physical self.
4. Perception of how other people view them
physically.
 A person with a positive body image
will have a high self-esteem and will often
spend more time taking care of their
appearance. Also, the attention that he
gets for his physical beauty elevates the
level of his self-esteem.
 A person with a low self- esteem may not
perceive himself as beautiful. This evaluation
of his physical self will make him seek ways to
attain a kind of body image that will be at par
wit society's concept of beauty.
According to research, however, the level of self-esteem
fluctuates across the life span and may not always match with
reality. (Santrock, 2014)
 Society's ideals of the perfect physical form which
are: for women: white, perfect skin, small waistline, big
breast and behind, long straight hair, long manicured
nails, slender and tall; and for men: tall, tanned perfect
skin, muscled physique, with 6-pack abs
 Images of perfection adolescents see in all types of
media i.e. print, television, film and internet.
 Mass media is a powerful tool that reinforces
cultural beliefs and values. Though young people may
initially disagree with the set ideals of beauty, repeated
exposure via media lead them to believe in the
misconceptions.
 Since a standard has been set by society and
reinforced by media, any characteristics that
does not confirm to the standard is labelled as
ugly. Body diversity is size and structure due to
genetic heritability is not tolerated.
 Being pretty and white skinned or tanned and
muscular had become associated with the
intelligent, successful, popular, healthy, and the
disciplined. Opposite characteristics are
associated with the dull, lazy, ugly, and the
weak.
 The misconceptions strongly affect how the young
form their body Image and Its influence on their self-
esteem. Knowing that adolescence is the period
where self- identity is formed, it is important for
adults in the environment to listen to these young
people and provide proper guidance and support.
 The adolescent should not be afraid to talk and
disclose confusing aspects of his physical
development to his significant others (i.e. parents
and trusted family members).
 Yes, beauty is important. But belong beautiful
still defends how a person defines beauty and the
standards he sets to meet the definition. It is a big
mistake to base beauty on someone else's standard.
People are different and each one is uniquely
beautiful.
 Having a positive body image involves
understanding that healthy attractive bodles come in
many shape and sizes and that physical appearance
says little about person's character or his value as an
individual. “Character Matters Most”.
 Physical self refers to the body. This is the part of us
that can be directly seen and observed by everyone.
All of us have our own unique physical appearances
and physical characteristics. We differ in body figures,
hair colors, skin tones, height, weight, shape of face
etc.
 THE SEXUAL SELF:
Development Of Secondary
Sex Characteristics
And The
Human Reproductive System.
 Secondary Sex Characteristics are those sexually
dimorphic characteristics that are not directly
involved in reproduction. For males, secondary
characteristics include facial and chest hair,
increased body hair, pelvic build (lack of rounded
hips), upper body muscular build, and the ability to
generate muscle mass at a faster rate than the female.
 For females, secondary sex characteristics include
relative lack of body hair, thicker hair on the head (in
some cases), rounded hips/figure, a decreased ability
to generate muscle mass at a fast rate, decreased
upper body strength, breasts, ability to nurse
children, a menstrual cycle, and increased body fat
composition.
 There are, of course, exceptions to any efforts to
use a list of features to classify people into the
conventionally defined sex categories. For instance,
not all women succeed in breast-feeding their infants,
even if they otherwise fit the conventional definition
of female.
Discussing The Erogenous Zones
 It refers to parts of the body that are primarily receptive
and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual
manner. Commonly known erogenous zones are the
mouth, breasts, genitals and anus. Other common areas
may include neck, thighs, abdomen and feet.
Understanding The Human
Sexual Response
.
 The human sexual response to sexually
arousing stimuli is a motivational incentive-based
cycle comprising subjective experience and
physiologic changes. Clinical and empirical data
support a circular model of overlapping phases of
variable order.
 Brain imaging data of sexual arousal identify
areas of cerebral activation and inhibition
reflecting a complex network of cognitive,
motivational, emotional, and autonomic
components.
 Psychologic and biologic factors influence the
brain's appraisal and processing of sexual stimuli to
allow or disallow subsequent arousal. The sexual and
non-sexual outcomes influence motivation to future
sexual intimacy.
 Variability is marked both between
individuals and within a person's sexual life,
influenced by multiple factors, including stage of
life cycle, mental health, and relationship
happiness.
 Neurologic disease can interrupt the cycle at many
points: by limiting motivation, reducing ability to attend
to and feel sexual stimuli, and accomplishing the
movements needed to stimulate and experience
intercourse. Impairments to genital congestion, penile
erection, and orgasm may also occur.
 Disease-associated changes to the interpersonal
relationship and self-image plus frequently comorbid
depression will tend to lessen motivation and temper
the brain's appraisal of sexual stimuli, so precluding
arousal. Therapy begins by explaining the sexual
response cycle, clarifying the points of interruption in
the patient's own cycle so as to guide treatment.
 Understanding the
Chemistry of
Lust, Love and Attachment
 Falling in love can be a beautifully wild experience.
It is a rush of longing, passion, and euphoria. Fast
forward a few years, the excitement would have died
down (though the levels vary for every couple).
 For couples who remain together through the
years, the rush would have been /replaced by warm,
nurturing feeling, comfortable and each stage of this
cycle can actually be explained by your brain chemistry-
the neurotransmitters the get stimulated to release
hormones throughout your body.
Anthropologist Helen Fishers of Rutgers
University proposed three stages of falling in
love; and for each stage, a different set of
chemicals run the show.
The three stages of falling in love are;
1. Lust (erotic passion);
2. Attraction (romantic passion); and
3. Attachment (commitment).
Norepinephrine
- Responsible for the extra surge of energy and
triggered increase heart rate, loss of appetite, as
well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in a more
alert state and is ready for action.
Dopamine
- Associated with motivation and goal directed
behavior. It makes you pursue your object of
affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the
person seems exciting, special or unique that you
want to tell the world about his/her admirable
qualities.
Serotonin
- Thought to cause obsessive thinking.
Low levels of serotonin are said to be present in people
with obsessive thus compulsive behavior (OCD).
Meanwhile, a study found that those who express they
were in love and people with OCD both had less
serotonin transporter in their blood compared to those
who did not express they were in love and do not have
OCD as well.
The Psychological Aspect
Phase 1: Desire
General characteristics of this phase, which can last
from a few minutes to several hours, include the
following:
 Muscle tension increases.
 Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated.
 Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness
appear on the chest and back).
 Nipples become hardened or erect.
 Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in
swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora
(inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis.
 Vaginal lubrication begins.
 The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal
walls begin to swell.
 The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and
he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.
Phase 2: Arousal
General characteristics of this phase, which extends
to the brink of orgasm, include the following:
 The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.
 The vagina continues to swell from increased blood
flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple.
 The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may
even be painful to touch) and retracts under the
clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the
penis.
 The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the
scrotum.
 Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to
increase.
 Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face and
hands.
 Tension in the muscles increases.
Phase 3: Orgasm
This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle.
It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a
few seconds. General characteristics of this phase
include the following:
 Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
 Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are at their
highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen.
 Muscles in the feet spasm.
 There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual
tension.
 In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The
uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions.
 In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the
base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen.
 A rash or "sex flush" may appear over the entire
body.
Phase 4: Resolution
During this phase, the body slowly returns to its
normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect
body parts return to their previous size and color.
This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being
and, often, fatigue. Some women are capable of a rapid
return to the orgasm phase with further sexual
stimulation and may experience multiple orgasms.
 Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a
refractory period, during which they cannot reach
orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period
varies among men and changes with age.
The Diversity Of Sexual Behavior .
SOLITARY BEHAVIOR
Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to
sexual arousal or sexual climax.
• Most common in males frequently among the
unmarried.
• Gratify themselves through fantasy and being exposed
to sexual stimuli especially from advertising and social
media.
SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of
sociosexual behavior that occurs between one male
and one female.
• Physical contact involving necking or petting is
considered as an ingredient of the learning process.
• Petting and Coitus
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
RESPONSE
1. Excitement Phase - It is caused by increase in pulse
and blood pressure; a sudden rise in blood supply to the
surface of the body.

2. Plateau Phase - It is generally caused of brief

duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually
occurs.
3. Sexual Climax - It is marked by a feeling of abrupt,
intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate and
blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing
contractions of the female reproductive organ and
ejaculation by the male. It may last for a few seconds
(normally not over ten) .
4. Resolution Phase - It is the last stage that
refers to the return to a normal or subnormal
physiological state. Females are physically
capable of repeated orgasms without the
intervening "rest period" required by males.
  NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS
The entire nervous system plays a significant role
during sexual response.

Hypothalamus and Limbic System - parts of the brain

believed to be responsible for regulating the sexual
response.
 SEXUAL PROBLEMS
A. Physiological Problems
Vaginal Infections, Retroverted Uteri, Prostatitis, and
Adrenal Tumors.

B. Psychological Problems
1. Premature emission of semen
2. Erectile impotence
3. Ejaculatory impotence
4. Vaginismus
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES (STD)
Infections Transmitted From An Infected Person To
An Uninfected Person Through Sexual Contact
Natural Methods of Contraception
It is family planning methods that do not involve
any chemical or foreign body introduction into the
human body.
1. Abstinence
- Refraining from sexual intercourse.
- Most effective natural birth control method with 0%
fail rate.
- Most effective way to avoid STDs.
 
2. Calendar Method
- Also called as the rhythm method.
- Entails withholding from coitus during the days that
woman is fertile.
3 to 4 days and after ovulation.
3. Basal Body Temperature
- Before the day and during ovulation BBT falls at
0.5 Fahrenheit.
- Woman must record her temperature every morning
before any activity. 

4. Cervical Mucus Method

- During ovulation, cervical mucus is copious, thin,
and watery. (Fertile)
- Woman must avoid coitus during those days to
prevent conception.
5. Symptothermal Method
- Is a combination of BBT and cervical mucus method.
- Woman should abstain from coitus three days after a rise in
her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a
mucus change.
 
6. Ovulation Detection
- Uses an over-the-counter kit that requires urine sample of
the woman.
- The kit can predict ovulation through surge of luteinizing
hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
7. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal)
-one of the oldest methods that prevents conception.
-man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ.
ARTIFICIAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
1. Transdermal Patch
- contains both estrogen and progesterone.
-woman should apply one patch every week for three weeks on the
upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks.
 
2. Oral Contraceptives
- also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone.
-first Sunday after of menstrual flow.
3. Vaginal Ring
- Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone.
- Inserted into the female reproductive organ and remains there for
three weeks.

4. Subdermal Implants
- Two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the woman
during her menses or on the seventh day of her menstruation.
- Effective three to five years.
5. Hormonal Injections
- Contains medroxyprogesterone.
- Usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly.

6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)

- A small T-shaped object containing progesterone that is
inserted into the uterus via female reproductive organ.
Effective for five to seven years.
7. Chemical Barriers
- Spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are used to cause the death of sperms.
- It cannot prevent STD.
Others:
Diaphragm - inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female
reproductive organ.
 
Cervical Cap - shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and could stay
in place for not more than 48 hours.
 
Male/Female Condoms - a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male reproductive organ to trap the sperm during
ejaculation.
Surgical Methods

Vasectomy - is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or

permanent contraception. During the procedure, the male vasa
deferentia are cut and tied or sealed so as to prevent sperm from
entering into the urethra and thereby prevent fertilization of a
female through sexual intercourse.
Tubal ligation - (commonly known as having one's "tubes tied")
is a surgical procedure for female sterilization in which
the fallopian tubes are permanently blocked or removed. This
prevents the fertilization of eggs by sperm and thus
the implantation of a fertilized egg. Tubal ligation is considered a
permanent method of sterilization and birth control.