CHEMISTRY TRIVIA

You can melt the following metal simply by

holding it in the palm of your hand:

gallium indium
zinc plutonium

Melting gallium in your hand is an 

easy and safe science experiment. Plutonium is pyrophoric,
so it burns in air. It might melt your hand, not the other way
around. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u6A40QTWVI -
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF ATTRACTION

QUARTER 3 - LESSON 1 A
 WHAT I NEED TO
KNOW
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain

properties of liquids and solids (STEM_GC11IMF-
IIIa-c-99);
2. Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-100).
 WHAT I KNOW
1.Which of the following properties pertains to solids
only?
a. The kinetic energy is enough to overcome the
attractive forces.
b.The particles can slide past one another.
c.They expand slightly when heated.
d.They diffuse extremely slow because the particles
are tightly packed.
2. Rank the matter based on decreasing
relative strength of attractive forces between
particles.
a.liquid, solid, gas
b.solid, liquid, gas
c.gas, liquid, solid
d.liquid, gas, solid
•  
3. Which among the intermolecular
forces is the weakest?
a.hydrogen bond
b.ion-dipole forces
c.dispersion forces
d.dipole-dipole forces
4. Which of the following is
synonymous to dipoles?
a.nonpolar molecules
b.polar molecules
c.charged atoms or group of atoms
d.molecules with even sharing of
electrons
5. Which intermolecular force is present
in all molecules?
a.hydrogen bond
b.ion-dipole forces
c.dispersion forces
d.dipole-dipole forces
6. Which of the following intermolecular
forces is exhibited by N2 molecules?
a.hydrogen bond
b.ion-dipole forces
c.dispersion forces
d.pole-dipole forces
 7. Which of the following intermolecular
forces is present in the molecules of
CH20H?
a.hydrogen bond
b.ion-dipole forces
c.dispersion forces
d.dipole-dipole forces
8. Which of the following is common to both solids
and liquids?
a.They have fixed shape and fixed volume.
b.They have a strong intermolecular force of
attraction and vibrate in fixed position because
their particles are close to each other.
c.They have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome their attractive forces.
d.They are slightly compressible.
•  
9. Which of the three states of matter has
the strongest intermolecular forces?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. gas, solid, liquid
10. Which of the following explains the formation of
water droplets on the surface of a glass of cold water?
a. Water molecules are pushed by air onto the
surface of the glass and form drops.
b. When water molecules in the air move slower, they
get attracted to each other and come together as
drops.
c. Water molecules in the air get attracted to the
liquid water.
d. Water molecules escape through the porous glass.
 WHAT I NEED TO
KNOW
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids
and solids.
2. Compare the properties of liquids and solids with
those of gases.
3. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular
forces.
 WHAT’S IN
Recall!
• Directions: Recall the concepts on Molecular Geometry, Polarity, Bond
Dipole and Dipole Moment. Complete the table below by following
these instructions:
1. Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules with the correct
shape around the central atom.
2. Indicate each bond’s polarity by drawing an arrow to represent the
bond dipole along each bond.
3. Determine the molecule’s polarity and indicate this with an arrow to
represent the dipole.
4. Circle your choice in each box to mark the molecule as polar or
nonpolar.
 WHAT’S IN

Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4

       
       
       
       
       
polar or polar or polar or polar or
nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar
WHAT’S IN
WHAT’S NEW
• Phase
A homogeneous part of a system in interacting with
other parts of the system but separated from these
other parts by well-defined boundaries.

• Condensed phases
Liquids and solids

• Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces
between molecules. Intramolecular forces hold atoms
together in a molecule.
WHAT’S NEW

THE EFFECT OF BOILING POINT

AND FREEZING POINT ON THE
DISSOLUTION OF SOLIDS IN WATER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T
CPeva73NDE
WHAT’S IS IT
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODELS OF
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
A. KINETIC MOLECULAR MODELS OF
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

The experimental findings about the behavior of gases

can be explained with a simple theoretical model
known as the kinetic molecular theory. This theory is
based on the following assumptions:
1. All matter is made of tiny particles.
2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased
temperature means greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles,
in the freedom of motion of particles, and in the extent to which
the particles interact.
https://preparatorychemistry.com/KMT_Canvas.html

•  
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
(Example: water molecule to water molecule)
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within in a molecule.
(Example: H to O bond within a water molecule).

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

“Measure” of intermolecular force

Generally, boiling point
intermolecular
forces are much melting point
weaker than DHvap
intramolecular DHfus
forces.
DHsub
11.2
 Intermolecular Forces

1. London Forces (a.k.a. Dispersion Forces) Weakest

2. Dipole-Dipole Interactions

3. Ion-Dipole Interactions
-(Salt dissolving in solution; Na+ and Cl- )

4. Hydrogen Bonding (STRONGEST)

 London Dispersion Forces: Weakest
Occur between every compound and arise from the net attractive forces
amount molecules which is produced from induced charge imbalances

The larger the

molecule the Figure 2.
greater (a) Spherical charge
it’s Dispersion distribution in a helium atom.
Forces are (b) Distortion caused by the
approach of a cation.
(c) Distortion caused by the
approach of a dipole.
Image obtained from
http://www.mikeblaber.org/old
wine/chm1045/notes/Forces/In
termol/Forces02.html
 Olmsted Williams Fig 10-10 Pg 437

The boiling point of long molecules increase with the

length of the carbon
chain.
How molecular shape affects the strength of the
dispersion forces

The shapes of the molecules also matter. Long thin

molecules can develop bigger temporary dipoles due to
electron movement than short fat ones containing the same
numbers of electrons.

                                                                                              
                                                              
Butane has a higher boiling point because the dispersion
forces are greater.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html
 Polarizability
the ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or
molecule can be distorted.

Polarizability increases with:

• greater number of electrons
• more diffuse electron cloud

Dispersion
forces usually
increase with
molar mass.

11.2
 Is the Molecule Polar?

The more Electronegative atom will pull the electron density of the bond
Closer to itself giving it a partial negative charge leaving the other
Atom with a partially positive charge. This is a dipole moment.
 Molecules with 3 Atoms
Even though the C-O bond is polar, the bonds
CO2 cancel each other out because the molecule is
linear the dipole moments are equal and in
opposite directions.Therefore CO2 is non-polar.

The dipole moment between H-C points in

the direction of C. The dipole moment points
between C-N points in the direction of the N.
HCN Therefore the dipole vectors are additive and
HCN is polar

SO2 SO2 is a polar molecule because the S-O

dipole Moments don’t cancel each other out
due to the angle
 Molecules with 4 Atoms

CCl4 is non-polar

CHCl3 is polar
 How to Determine if a Molecule
Is Polar

1. Draw Lewis Structure

2. If all of the regions of electron density are

bound to the same thing (CCl4; CO2 ) than the
molecule is non-polar

3. If the regions of electron density are not bound to

the same thing (atom) than the molecule
is polar (HCN; SO2)
 Which of the following molecules are polar (have a
dipole moment)?H2O, CO2, SO2, and CH4

O S O
H
H O
dipole moment dipole moment
polar molecule polar molecule

H C H
O C O

no dipole moment H
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
10.2
 Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

Animation: http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/DIPOLED/DIPOLED.html

11.2
 Dipole Forces occur between molecules containing a dipole moment.
The positive end of the dipole moment on one mole is attracted to the
Negative end of the dipole moment on a nearby molecule.

2-methyl propane
Figure 10-11
(left) and acetone (right)
Both compounds are about
Equal in size and shape

Olmsted Williams
 Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction

The larger the charge the stronger the force

11.2
 Figure 4.
(a) Interaction of a water molecule with a Na+ ion and a
Mg2+ ion.
(b) In aqueous solutions, metal ions are usually
surrounded by six water molecules in an octahedral
arrangement.
Image obtained from https://www.slideshare.net/Mr-Midgley/intermolecular-forces-
15275077
 
Olmsted Williams Fig 10-34

A molecular picture showing the ion-dipole

Interaction that helps a solid ionic crystal dissolve
in water. The arrows indicate ion-dipole interactions.
 What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist
between each of the following molecules?

HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
S O
SO2 O
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
11.2
THE HYDROGEN BOND
STRONGEST
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCE
http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/HYBOND/HYBONDD.html
Animation
 water has
water
water
thehashas
water
thehas
highest
water theheat
has highest
highest
the the
heat
lowest highest
of
of fusion
melting
molar vaporization
mass point
boiling point

The melting point, boiling point, heat of fusion and heat of

vaporization of water are extremely high and do not fit the
trend of properties relative to molar mass within Group
VIA.
WATER EXHIBITS THESE UNUSUAL PROPERTIES
BECAUSE OF HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN
WATER MOLECULES.
• A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular bond.

• A hydrogen bond is formed between

polar molecules that contain hydrogen
covalently bonded to a small, highly
electronegative atom: F, O, N.

F—H
O—H
N—H
• it will be attracted to another F, O, or N, on another
molecule.

• A dipole-dipole bond bond will be

formed between the two molecules
which is called a hydrogen bond.
hydrogen
bond
covalent
bond
covalent
bond
 Water in the liquid and solid states exists as groups in
which the water molecules are linked together by
hydrogen bonds.

13.8
 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3. Let’s Test Your Understanding!
Directions: Read and answer each question carefully.
1. (a) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates between all molecules?
(b) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between polar molecules?
(c) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between the hydrogen atom of a polar
bond and a nearby small electronegative atom?
2. (a) What is meant by the term polarizability?
(b) Which of the following atoms would you expect to be most polarizable: N, P, As, Sb? Explain.
(c) List the following molecules in order of increasing polarizability: GeCl 4, CH4, SiCl4, SiH4,and
GeBr4.
(d) Arrange the boiling points of the substances in part (c) in increasing order.
3. Which of the following can form hydrogen bonds with water?
CH3OCH3, CH4, F-, HCOOH, Na+. 
4. As a metal such as lead melts, what happens to
(a) the average kinetic energy of the atoms?
(b) the average distance between the atoms?
 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Activity 4. Analyze!
Directions: Read and answer each question carefully.
1. (a) Does the diagram best describe a crystalline solid, a liquid, or a gas?
(b) Explain.

Brown, 2015

2. List the three states of matter in their order of

(a) increasing molecular disorder and
(b) increasing intermolecular attraction.
(c) Which state of matter is most easily compressed?
 
WHAT I CAN DO

Activity 5. Comical sketch

Directions: Make a comical sketch using three

heroes as particles (or molecules) and present
their behavior and positions relative to each
other in the solid, liquid and gaseous state.
Assign one hero as the solid, the second as
liquid and the third one as gas. Explain the
part of each hero.
APPLICATION
Cite some practical application of KMT.
Modern refrigeration is a practical application of the kinetic
molecular thoery. When freon gas is compressed, the walls
moving inward (or piston) adds kinetic energy to the
molecules which in turn causes the gas to increase in
temperature. The warmed gas is allowed to pass through
external cooling coils to dissipate the extra heat into the
environment, then the gas expands again (walls moving
away slow down molecules) to become cooler and absorb
heat inside fridge then start the cycle again. In a cruder
form, you could for instance cool a can a soda if the
compressed gas above the liquid was a larger volume by
just opening it, through it might require a thicker material
for the can.
ABSTRACTION
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Liquids and Solids. This
explain how the assumptions
of the kinetic molecular theory
is use to explain the properties
of matter in three phases: gas,
liquids, and solid.
ASSESSMENT:

Please click the link below for

your assessment.
QUIZ # 1
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!